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GWD - 阅读RC - 259
题目材料
Social learning in animals is said to occur when direct or indirect social interaction facilitates the acquisition of a novel behavior. It usually takes the form of an experienced animal (the demonstrator) performing a behavior such that the naive animal (the observer) subsequently expresses the same behavior sooner, or more completely, than it would have otherwise. One example of social learning is the acquisition of preferences for novel foods.

Some experiments have suggested that among mammals, social learning facilitates the identification of beneficial food items, but that among birds, social learning helps animals avoid toxic substances. For example, one study showed that when red-wing blackbirds observed others consuming a colored food or a food in a distinctly marked container and then becoming ill, they subsequently avoided food associated with that color or container. Another experiment showed that house sparrows consumed less red food after they observed others eating red food that was treated so as to be noxious. Studies on nonavian species have not produced similar results, leading researchers to speculate that avian social learning may be fundamentally different from that of mammals.

But Sherwin's recent experiments with domestic hens do not support the notion that avian social learning necessarily facilitates aversion to novel foods that are noxious or toxic. Even when demonstrator hens reacted with obvious disgust to a specific food, via vigorous head shaking and bill wiping, there was no evidence that observers subsequently avoided eating that food. Sherwin's research team speculated that ecological or social constraints during the evolution of this species might have resulted in there being little benefit from the social learning of unpalatability, for instance, selective pressures for this mode of learning would be reduced if the birds rarely encountered noxious or toxic food or rarely interacted after eating such food, or if the consequences of ingestion were minimal. In a related experiment, the same researchers showed that if observer hens watched demonstrator hens react favorably to food of a particular color, then observer hens ate more food of that color than they ate of food of other colors. These results confirmed that avian species can develop preferences for palatable food through social learning.

According to the passage, which of the following is true of the experiments on domestic hens conducted by Sherwin's research team?

  • AOnly a small number of observer hens appeared to learn to avoid food that was demonstrated by other hens to be noxious.
  • BObserver hens ingested food preferentially only after numerous instances of witnessing demonstrator hens preferentially ingest that type of food.
  • CObserver hens appeared unable to recognize when demonstrator hens found a particular food especially palatable.
  • DDemonstrator hens reacted adversely to ingesting certain novel foods.
  • EDemonstrator hens altered their behavior less obviously in response to noxious foods than in response to highly palatable foods.
显示答案
正确答案: D

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HurricaneWillie

HurricaneWillie

我来说两句:
ABC 明显错 不说了

D是弱智选项 和 逻辑题中Must be True 差不都, Demonstrator hens 文中的确对吃了某种新奇失误后有reacted with obvious digust = reacted adversely. 只能选D

E 错误, Demonstrator hens 不对, 实验研究的对像 是在Demonstrator hens做出反反应后, Observer hens能不能从这些反应中学到什么(social learning). 所以这里的应该是Observer hens 对 不好的食物 的反应 不如 好的食物的反应 强

2015-03-04 14:15:29  IP属地:江苏
Joy_w_zy

Joy_w_zy 回复 HurricaneWillie

这题真的坑...我就没看到Demonstrator hens

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2019-03-10 10:06:58  IP属地:北京
前来围观

前来围观 回复 HurricaneWillie

你D,E选项说的很对啊,不知为何这么多踩。。

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2018-08-24 21:54:04  IP属地:北京
bboy程程

bboy程程 回复 HurricaneWillie

b怎么错了 哪里有说Demonstrator hens=domestic hens

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2023-07-10 14:24:31  IP属地:江西
lichkinggg

lichkinggg 回复 HurricaneWillie

我感觉这个题有点小坑。
整个实验的结论是母鸡不会避免不好吃的食物,但是会模仿别人喜欢上好吃食物。
这个题问关于实验,哪个是对的?惯性思维很容易让我们去找我刚说的那个结论,而忽视了实验的一个发现,就是鸡会对不好吃的食物作出负面的反应。。

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2019-08-01 21:25:31  IP属地:北京
张馨馨

张馨馨 回复 前来围观

大概是因为当时争议的以为正确选项是E

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2018-11-03 21:22:10  IP属地:北京
王茶茶

王茶茶

D应该定位在这里吧:
Even when demonstrator hens reacted with obvious disgust to a specific food, via vigorous head shaking and bill wiping, there was no evidence that observers subsequently avoided eating that food.
(即使当示范母鸡对某种特定的食物表现出明显的厌恶时,通过剧烈的摇头和擦嘴,也没有证据表明观察者随后避免食用这种食物)。
说明demonstrator hens确实有经历过对食物的不良反应。

2019-07-20 17:35:49  IP属地:北京
王茶茶

王茶茶 回复 王茶茶

另外注意两个概念:
demonstrator hens 示范的母鸡;
observer hens 观察的母鸡。
哪个行为是demonstrator hens的,哪个行为是observer hens的,别弄混了。

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2019-07-20 17:36:10  IP属地:北京
王茶茶

王茶茶 回复 王茶茶

没用的吐槽:但是这也太偏了,不但一笔带过,而且句子后半段似乎还在对着干···这段主要讲的是母鸡对好的食物的偏好,不是对不好的食物的规避啊,所以我整体思路都是在想好的食物那边···根本想不到这里······

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2019-07-20 17:37:42  IP属地:北京
Gmat700分选手

Gmat700分选手

E选项除了demonstrator hens不对以外 我觉得最快排除的方法是这个结论是in a related experiment的实验结果 并不是题目所说的Sherwin的实验结果

2018-10-05 17:44:06  IP属地:北京
lesliehwl

lesliehwl 回复 Gmat700分选手

赞成E选项提到了好的事物是限定于“in a related experiment”并不是sherwin本身的实验
sherwin本身的实验只是证明了不好的事物对观察者没有什么影响 所以E的scope错了

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2019-12-15 12:07:28  IP属地:局域网
RickyLiu01

RickyLiu01

prep答案是D,确定

2016-10-24 10:50:01  IP属地:北京
vivichen

vivichen

我觉得是B

2014-09-21 04:30:38  IP属地:美国
战斗乔

战斗乔

react不是反复表演的意思,就是react [re·act || rɪ\'ækt]v. 起反应, 反抗, 起作用

2016-08-18 22:39:05  IP属地:湖南
沃要上700

沃要上700

有筒子可以解释一下为什么选D吗 我觉得E也不错啊 (乖巧地等待)

2017-09-11 16:15:39  IP属地:广西
SiyuGeng

SiyuGeng 回复 沃要上700

E说的是demonstrator,实际应该是observer hens

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2017-09-27 01:02:56  IP属地:美国
NoahCR

NoahCR

兄弟,指点迷津是个动词词组吧,怎么可以用在“的”后面呢,你这样的用法在SC会给你判错的鸭(激动地搓搓手)

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2018-10-02 14:27:07  IP属地:北京
sea星星一定700

sea星星一定700 回复 NoahCR

又疯了一个ㄟ( ▔, ▔ )ㄏ

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2019-08-20 14:57:48  IP属地:北京
KunKun你最棒

KunKun你最棒 回复 沃要上700

好可爱的语气呢(*╹▽╹*)

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2018-08-10 21:27:18  IP属地:北京
yfwang68

yfwang68 回复 SiyuGeng

原来是这样。。。谢谢你的指点迷津

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2018-08-20 09:28:14  IP属地:北京
nacl141312

nacl141312 回复 沃要上700

而且文中也没有比较吃了难吃的和吃了好吃的更明显什么的,只是单纯的描述

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2019-02-28 19:51:17  IP属地:北京
Jessicahuan

Jessicahuan

答案错了,选D,国外网站上的标准答案都是D

2016-11-19 17:23:49  IP属地:局域网
Zac800

Zac800 回复 Jessicahuan

答案本来就是D啊

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2017-11-28 11:11:05  IP属地:四川
时光剪

时光剪

好吧 我一直以为只有咽下去才算Ingest。。。

2018-04-11 12:30:33  IP属地:美国
zenglh_0124

zenglh_0124

请问D的定位点是哪里?是→selective pressures for this mode of learning would be reduced if the birds rarely encountered noxious or toxic food or rarely interacted after eating such food, or if the consequences of ingestion were minimal.这个吗??

2018-02-05 17:09:56  IP属地:北京
gy_persist

gy_persist 回复 zenglh_0124

D的定位点是后面那个实验,和第三段主题句。But Sherwin's recent experiments with domestic hens do not support the notion that avian social learning necessarily facilitates aversion to novel foods that are noxious or toxic. Even when demonstrator hens reacted with obvious disgust to a specific food, via vigorous head shaking and bill wiping, there was no evidence that observers subsequently avoided eating that f

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2018-02-06 17:11:13  IP属地:重庆

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