GMAT考满分App
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本文是在国内GMAT考生中广为流传的PREP语法笔记整理而成。这些PREP题目，包括了老PREP和新PREP中的各2套共493道题目。我们把这些题目，按20道题目一组，创建了25个练习册，方便大家先做后看。
注意：此部分解析为非官方、非专业老师整理的解析。
先做后看，对大家的提高更加有好处哦~
而且借助考GMAT先进的做题系统，也更有利于后面回看错题以及分析错题哦。
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Spanish poet Juan Ramón Jiménez, who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1956, so embarrassed in his later years by what he considered the excessive sentiment in the poems in his first two collections, he destroyed every copy he could find.
A. so embarrassed in his later years by what he considered the excessive sentiment in the poems in his first two collections, he destroyed
B. and was so embarrassed in his later years by what he considered as the excessive sentiment in the poems in his first two collections that he destroyed
C. in his later years he was so embarrassed by what he considered as the excessive sentiment in the poems in his first two collections, destroying
D. was so embarrassed in his later years by what he considered the excessive sentiment in the poems in his first two collections that he destroyed
E. because he was so embarrassed in his later years by what he considered as the excessive sentiment in the poems in his first two collections, destroying
题目释义：Spanish poet Juan Ramón Jiménez,...,was so...that he destroyed...
句子结构（Grammatical Construction）
1. so…that…固定搭配
A. he destroyed前面的成分被悬挂；so...that 结构，缺少that；
B. and was无并列对象；consider sb/sth sth，中间不能加as和to be。
C. in his later years前面的成份被悬挂；consider sb/sth sth，中间不能加as和to be；so...that结构不完整；destroying伴随对象不明确。
D. Correct。
E. 缺少谓语动词；consider sb/sth sth，中间不能加as和to be；destroying伴随对象不明确。
目的状语从句和结果状语从句 - serendipityh
1) so/such...that...表示结果，可以用在单一主谓结构中，也可以用在复杂主谓结构中，不用考虑逻辑主语。such 后一般不加抽象名词.
特别说明：so/such...as to...表示结果，用于单一主谓结构中，逻辑主语等于句子主语，即句子主语可以执行as to 后动词的动作。such后一般不加抽象名词.
2) so that状语从句: 从句中出现情态动词, so that表示目的；从句中没有出现情态动词，so that表示结果。such that状语从句；表示结果。so / such that 从句不用考虑逻辑主语. So that 不能修饰名词短语
Such...that such 后加被修饰的名次
特别说明：so as to 可以表示目的也可以表示结果，用于单一主谓结构中，逻辑主语等于句子主语，即句子主语可以执行as to后动词的动作。so as to修饰动词。so...as的搭配只用在否定句中, So…as to 后一般不加被动语态
Competition in the mid-nineteenth century by large western farms gradually caused farmers in Pennsylvania to turn to livestock raising, but before that it was predominantly grain-producing.
A. Competition in the mid-nineteenth century by large western farms gradually caused farmers in Pennsylvania to turn to livestock raising, but before that it was predominantly grain-producing.
B. Once predominantly a grain-producing state, competition in the mid-nineteenth century from large western farms gradually was causing Pennsylvania’s farmers to turn to livestock raising.
C. Pennsylvania’s farmers were gradually caused to turn to livestock raising by competition from large western farms in the mid-nineteenth century, but before that it was predominantly a grain-producing state.
D. It was once predominantly grain-producing, but competition in the mid-nineteenth century by large western farms was gradually causing Pennsylvania’s farmers to turn to livestock raising.
E. Pennsylvania was once a predominantly grain-producing state, but competition in the mid-nineteenth century from large western farms gradually caused the state’s farmers to turn to livestock raising.
题目释义：Pennsylvania was once a state, but competition from sb...caused sb. to turn to...
逻辑表达( logical predication)
1. 习惯搭配：competition from sb./sth. 而competition by sb./sth.错误。
2. cause sb. to do sth.
3. livestock raising: 农牧业，畜禽养殖业
A. competition from sb/sth；that不能指代整个句子；it指代competition有误。
B. grain-producing state无法同位修饰competition，概念不同；cause用过去进行时错误，好像在说19世纪中叶那段时间cause还没有结束。
C. that不能指代整个句子；it指代有误；前分句被动语态不好，累赘；in the mid-nineteenth century修饰了large western farms错误，应该紧跟competition。
D. it指代competiton不合理；competition from sb/sth；cause用过去进行时错误。
E. Correct。
Growing evidence that coastal erosion occurs continuously, not in just such calamitous bursts like hurricanes, has led scientists and planners to urge a stringent new approach to limiting development along the nation's shoreline.
A. coastal erosion occurs continuously, not in just such calamitous bursts like hurricanes, has
B. coastal erosion occurs continuously, not just in calamitous bursts such as hurricanes, has
C. coastal erosion is continuously occurring, not in just calamitous bursts like hurricanes, having
D. there is continuous coastal erosion, not just in calamitous bursts such as hurricanes, which has
E. there is continuous coastal erosion occurring, not in just such calamitous bursts like hurricanes, has
题目释义：growing evidence that....,..., has...
习惯用语
1. such as固定搭配；such… like搭配错误
2. there be用法
A. such...as，表示举例不能用like
B. Correct。
C. such...as，表示举例不能用like；缺少谓语动词；is continuously occurring，现在进行时与continuously重复。
D. 全句缺少谓语动词；由于后面的has，本句里面which是跳跃插入语修饰erosion的。
E. such...as，表示举例不能用like；occurring与there is矛盾，is occuring与continuous重复。
关于there be：
1. there be用于陈述事物客观存在。
2. there be句型不与现在进行时搭配，这个句型本身就暗含了正在进行的含义
3. 在正式文体特别是文学中，There be句式中的be也可以用其它意义的动词或词组取代。它们通常是：exist, live, stand等表示存在或位置的动词；come, go, run, walk等表示运动或方向的动词以及certain to be, sure to be, appear to be, happen to be等词组。这种there存在句的谓语动词的人称、数的形式与主语须保持一致。例如：
4. 在GMAT中，there be句型极少，因为这种表示存在状态的句型往往不能准确地表达出动作的施受对象，或者不够简洁。从简洁和有效上说，there be+ 形容词转化的名词＝形容词，there be+动词转化的名词＝动词，there be统统不简洁。
A New York City ordinance of 1897 regulated the use of bicycles, mandated a maximum speed of eight miles an hour, required of cyclists to keep feet on pedals and hands on handlebars at all times, and it granted pedestrians right-of-way.
A. regulated the use of bicycles, mandated a maximum speed of eight miles an hour, required of cyclists to keep feet on pedals and hands on handlebars at all times, and it granted
B. regulated the use of bicycles, mandated a maximum speed of eight miles an hour, required cyclists to keep feet on pedals and hands on handlebars at all times, granting
C. regulating the use of bicycles mandated a maximum speed of eight miles an hour, required cyclists that they keep feet on pedals and hands on handlebars at all times, and it granted
D. regulating the use of bicycles, mandating a maximum speed of eight miles an hour, requiring of cyclists that they keep feet on pedals and hands on handlebars at all times, and granted
E. regulating the use of bicycles mandated a maximum speed of eight miles an hour, required cyclists to keep feet on pedals and hands on handlebars at all times, and granted
题目释义：A NYC ordiance regulating sth. mandated…, required…, and granted…
平行结构(parallelism);
1. right-of-way: 优先通行权
A. regulate与mandate, require并列逻辑意思不合理；and后面的it granted没有平行对象，it应该省略；Require sb. to do sth
B. regulate与mandate，require并列逻辑意思不合理；三个动词并列，最后一个动词前应该加and；granting 做伴随逻辑意思不合理
C. mandate，require和grant并列，it应该省略；sth require of sb that...do... ；Require +that 从句(使用动词原形表示虚拟语气)
D. regulating与mandating，requiring并列逻辑意思不合理，就算并列，requiring前应该加and；如果regulating 与mandating，requiring，grant并列，grant应改为granting；如果四个动词并列，该句子就缺乏谓语动词
E. Correct。
1. Require的固定搭配：(几个正确表达的优先级是一样的)
(1) Require sb./sth. to do sth. (不定式可用被动形式) à Require sb. doing…错误
(2) Require (of sb.) that + 原v 需要某人做某事 (要求,命令[(+of)][O2][+that])
大全 475. Legislation in the Canadian province of Ontario requires of both public and private employers that pay be the same for jobs historically held by women as for jobs requiring comparable skill that are usually held by men.
(3) N. is required (of sb./sth.) to do sth. 某物对某人做某事来说是必须的
或N. required of sb./sth. to do. （其中required是过去分词）
大全 166. Because of the enormous research and development expenditures required of firms to survive in the electronics industry, an industry marked by rapid innovation and volatile demand, such firms tend to be very large.
Windmaple的例句：This leaves open an "in-between" position: The efforts required of someone to prevent the consequences of his non-negligent act could be greater than what would be required of any bystander, but not as great as would be required to avoid an act than is known to cause the harmful consequences.
(4) require doing (require主动表被动含义)：如A require making known to B. A需要被B知道
*: GMAT中出现过的错误表达：
Require of sb. to do （require of sb.后应该加that，只有require sb.和sth. is required of sb.后面才是加to do的）
Require sb. that （require 若和that搭配，则跟sb.之间要有of）
Require sb. doing…错误
2. 定语从句作定语与分词短语作定语的区别
(1)定语从句强调具体的时间，具体的行为，以及动作的一次性；分词短语强调笼统的、不确定的时间，抽象的、客观的、重复性的、多次性的行为。
(2)分词短语比定语从句更简洁; 都可接受时, 分词短语比定语从句优先使用; 如有可能, 定语从句要尽可能简化为分词短语。
(3)有情态动词的定语从句不能转换为分词短语。
(4)如果定语从句转换为分词短语后产生歧义，则不能转换。
Unlike most other mergers in the utility industry, which have been driven by the need to save money and extend companies’ service areas, the merger of the nation’s leading gas and electric company is intended to create a huge marketing network for the utilities in question with states opening their utility markets to competition.
A. and electric company is intended to create a huge marketing network for the utilities in question with states opening
B. and electric companies are intended to create a huge network for marketing the utilities in question as states open
C. and electric companies are intended to create a huge network that will be marketing the utilities in question, with states opening
D. company and electric company are intending to create a huge marketing network for the utilities in question, with states opening
E. company and leading electric company is intended to create a huge network for marketing the utilities in question as states open
题目释义：Unlike most other mergers..., which... , the merger.....is...
指代一致（Agreement）; 逻辑表达（Logical Predication）
1. Unlike sb./sth成分和主语之间可以相隔一个插入语。
A. leading gas and electric company错误, 因为一个公司不可能组成merger，应该是gas company and electric company分开写；with短语前面没有逗号时做状语表达的是“与开放公用事业市场的州一同来create a network”，逻辑错误，注意在此with短语不会做定语，因为前面的the utilities in question不可能被with states修饰；opening做states的限定性修饰，表示只有几个州open utility markes，逻辑错误；marketing network表达unidiomatic。
B. are应该改为is，因为主语是merger。
C. are应该改为is，因为主语是merger；with states opening伴随修饰be marketing错误；that will be marketing繁琐而且文中没有将来进行时态的意思。
D. are应该改为is，因为主语是merger；be intended to do sth要用被动语态，merger不能发出动作；marketing network的表达unidiomatic。
E. Correct；as states open伴随着各州开放公共事业市场的竞争。
For the first time in the modern era, non-Hispanic Whites are officially a minority in California, which amounts to a little less than half the population of the state, down from nearly three-quarters only a decade ago.
A. which amounts to a little less than half the population of the state, down from nearly three-quarters only a decade ago
B. which amounts to a little less than half the population of the state, down from a decade ago, when it was nearly three-quarters
C. and that amounts to a little less than half the population of the state, down from a decade ago, when they were nearly three-quarters
D. amounting to a little less than half the population of the state, down from nearly three-quarters a decade ago
E. amounting to a little less than half the population of the state, down from what it was a decade ago by nearly three-quarters
题目释义：.., non-Hispanic Whites are...., amounting to..., down from...
句子结构
A. which无所指，前面没有成分可以与amounts to连接（the numbers of non-Hispanic Whites in California才可以）；only修饰a decade ago错误。
B. which无所指；down from a decade ago逻辑意思不合理；it无所指。
C. and that amounts中that无所指；they无指代对象。
D. Correct；amounting做状语修饰前面整个主系表结构；对于only的省略见“补充说明”
E. down from what it was a decade ago比较对象不合理, 应该是人口数与人口数比,而不是人口与时间；it无所指；what it was很wordy and awkward；down from…by改变原句含义。
1. 代词指代：
代词不一定是就近指代（但过远一定不好），通常代词指代对象的查找顺序为：
(1) 主从句中：先指代主语的核心词，再指代宾语或表语的核心词，最后指代修饰语中的名词。
(2) 并列句中：有2个或3个句子并列，第2个或第3个句子中的代词应该优先指代第1句中主句的名词。
2. only 强调副词，至于其是否省略，要根据其作用而定。
down from ... 本来就是一分句，不是主要成分，所以only在其中的作用也有限，仅是强调时间状语而已。
所以，是否强调from a decade ago没有显著区别。
Studying the fruit fly, a household nuisance but a time-honored experimental subject, has enabled the secrets of how embryos develop to begin to be unraveled by scientists.
A. Studying the fruit fly, a household nuisance but a time-honored experimental subject, has enabled the secrets of how embryos develop to begin to be unraveled by scientists.
B. By the study of the fruit fly, a household nuisance and also a time-honored experimental subject, it was possible for the secrets of how embryos develop to begin to be unraveled by scientists.
C. By studying a household nuisance but a time-honored experimental subject, the fruit fly enabled scientists to begin to unravel the secrets of how embryos develop.
D. By studying the fruit fly, a household nuisance and also a time-honored experimental subject, the secrets of how embryos develop are beginning to be unraveled by scientists.
E. The study of the fruit fly, a household nuisance but a time-honored experimental subject, has enabled scientists to begin to unravel the secrets of how embryos develop.
题目释义：The study of the fruit fly,...., has...
时态，逻辑含义
1. enable固定搭配：enable sb. to do sth. 错误搭配：enable sth. to be done by sb.
A. studying的使用awkward，咋读让人感觉a household nuisance是逻辑主语，也有可能studying与has enabled构成句子，所以应该用名词study更为清晰；enable sth. to be done错误。
B. 文中并不清楚究竟是谁做了study；被动语态awkward；and also改变句意
C. the fruit fly是by studying的主语逻辑意思不合理；不是fruit fly使得科学家，而是对fruit fly的研究使得科学家如何如何；一般过去时表示了现在已经不enable了，错误。
D. the secrets是by studying的逻辑主语错误，且studying与主语之间距离太远，咋读有修饰a household nuisance的歧义，句式不好；and also改变句意；现在进行时减少了原句中应有的含义，原句用了has enabled现在完成时表示了早先就enable了。
E. Correct
后面不接被动语态的动词或动词短语：
lead; cause; enable; become; receive; visit; Lack; enter; cost; possess; resemble; last; like; enjoy; notice; watch; look at; listen to; pay attention to; suit; fit; contain; so as to do; be able to do; be likely to do
The yield of natural gas from Norway's Troll gas field is expected to increase annually until the year 2005 and then to stabilize at six billion cubic feet a day, which will allow such an extraction rate at least for 50 years' production.
A. 2005 and then to stabilize at six billion cubic feet a day, which will allow such an extraction rate at least for
B. 2005 and then to stabilize at six billion cubic feet a day, an extraction rate that will allow at least
C. 2005 and then stabilizing at six billion cubic feet a day, with such an extraction rate at the least allowing
D. 2005, then stabilizing at six billion cubic feet a day, allowing such an extraction rate for at least
E. 2005, then stabilizing at six billion cubic feet a day, which will allow such an extraction rate for at least
题目释义：The yield of natural gas...is expected to... and then to..., an extraction rate that...
逻辑意思，句子结构，动词形式
A. which不能修饰整个句子，在这里which指代了the extraction rate，逻辑错误；at least修饰50 years’ production才合理。
B. Correct；to increase and to stabilize并列结构合理。
C. then stabilizing与to increase不平行；with引导的伴随状语错误；at the least错误词组，应该是at least； at least修饰allowing不合理。
D. then stabilizing做to increase的伴随状语逻辑错误；allowing引导的短语修饰对象不明，可以做stablizing的伴随状语(此时嵌套的修饰awkward)，也可以做主句的伴随状语(此时allowing前需要加上and)。
E. stabilizing做结果或伴随逻辑意思不合理；which就近修饰the extraction rate逻辑意思不合理。
OG12-63的解释：
Rhetorical construction; Verb form; Logical predication
The sentence is about predications that Troll gas field’s yield would increase until it stabilized at a particular extraction rate in 2005. The term extraction rate refers to six billion cubic feet a day, so it is redundant and confusingly circular to rename six billion cubic feet with the relative pronoun which in the subject position and then reintroduce extraction rate as the object.
A The relative phrase beginning with which is nonsensical, since the pronoun reference is inaccurate, and the phrase essentially says that the extraction rate enables the extraction rate.
B Correct. The infinitive to stabilize parallels to increase; information about the six billion cubic feet a day is expressed clearly and concisely in an appositive phrase containing a relative clause (an extraction rate that will allow …).
C The phrasing is awkward and unclear; stabilizing is an incorrect verb form; it should be an infi nitive to parallel to increase.
D Stabilizing is an incorrect verb form; it should be an infinitive to parallel to increase; the subsequent phrase is awkward and confusing because it is not clear what noun allowing is supposed to modify.
E Stabilizing violates the requirement of parallelism, and which introduces a nonsensical redundancy, effectively making the claim that the extraction rate (six billion cubic feet) enables the extraction rate.
The correct answer is B.
Despite the growing number of people who purchase plane tickets online, airline executives are convinced that, just as one-third of bank customers still prefer human tellers to automatic teller machines, many travelers will still use travel agents.
A. growing number of people who purchase plane tickets online, airline executives are convinced that, just as one-third of bank customers still prefer human tellers to automatic teller machines, many travelers will
B. growing number of people who purchase plane tickets online, airline executives are convinced, just as one-third of bank customers still prefer human tellers to automatic teller machines, that many travelers would
C. growing number of people purchasing plane tickets online, airline executives are convinced, just as one-third of bank customers still prefer human tellers as compared to automatic teller machines, many travelers will
D. fact that the number of people purchasing plane tickets online is growing, airline executives are convinced, just as one-third of bank customers still prefer human tellers as compared to automatic teller machines, that many travelers would
E. fact that the number of people who purchase plane tickets online are growing, airline executives are convinced that, just as one-third of bank customers still prefer human tellers compared with automatic teller machines, many travelers would
题目释义：Despite the growing number...., airline executives are convinced that, just as..., many travellers...
句子结构，平行结构
1. just as…, as/so…结构中as/so可省
A. Correct。
B. just as与many travelers will…并列，所以应该放在that后面；would表示不确定性或，过去时态，两种可能性都不对，所以would用法错。
C. 现在分词短语作定强调动作的多次性、重复性和客观性，无明确时间概念，而买票通常只是一次性概念；are convinced后加that；prefer A as compared to B错误，prefer A to B是正确词组。
D. Despite the fact that不简洁，despite后面应该直接加让步的内容；文中说尽管数字增长而不是尽管某些事实，-ing分词短语作定强调动作的多次性、重复性和客观性, 无明确时间概念，purchasing表示始终在网上买机票的人，不合理，应该是表示“网上买机票的人”；that应该在convinced后面；prefer A as compared to B是错误；would错误同B
E. Despite the fact that不简洁；the number of people是单数，are应该改为is；prefer … compared with…错；would错误同B
Emily Dickinson’s letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumbering her letters to anyone else.
A. Dickinson were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumbering
B. Dickinson were written over a period that begins a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ended shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumber
C. Dickinson, written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and that ends shortly before Emily’s death in 1886 and outnumbering
D. Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother, ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, and outnumbering
E. Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumber
题目释义：Emily Dickinson’s letters, which..., outnumber
句子结构; 平行结构
A. 本选项语法上没有错误，但是逻辑上不正确：outnumbering做结果状语，而outnumbering和前面的were written并没有直接因果关系，were written和outnumber是两件完全独立、不相关的事情，所以彼此之间不应该有修饰关系
B. end与begin并列，begin时态不正确；outnumber没有主语
C. and that没有并列对象，结构不平行；句子缺谓语动词
D. outnumbering没有并列对象；句子缺谓语动词
E. Correct
Many entomologists say that campaigns to eradicate the fire ant in the United States have failed because the chemicals that were used were effective only in wiping out the ant's natural enemies, which made it easier for them to spread.
A. which made it easier for them
B. which makes it easier for it
C. thus making it easier for them
D. thus making it easier for the ant
E. thereby, it was made easier for the ant
题目释义：Many entomologists say that campaigns.....have failed...., thus making....
句子结构
A. which就近修饰enemies，逻辑意思不合理；them无指代对象。
B. which就近修饰enemies错误；第一个it所指代的东西在第二个it之后，显得很笨拙。
C. them无指代对象。
D. Correct；making做结果状语
E. thereby是副词，而且只是插入成分，两句话见没有连词，run-on sentence；it was made easier for the ant to spread中it指代后面的to spread，但是表达太拙劣，而且make的动作发出者不明，割裂了thereby前后句子的关系。
1. 现在分词短语在句尾: 表伴随动作, 状态, 功能, 与句子谓语动作同时发生，逻辑主语等于句子主语，表伴随结果，整个句子是原因，导致分词动作产生，无逻辑主语。可以在分词前加thus，thereby，in effect等副词，也可以不加。
2. 过去分词短语在句尾，一般优先就近作定语修饰名词，–ed分词短语在句首,其逻辑主语等于句子的主语。
Trans World Entertainment Corporation, which owns the Record Town and Saturday Matinee retail chains, announced that since sales of up to one-fourth of its stores are poor, they will be closed.
A. that since sales of up to one-fourth of its stores are poor, they will be closed
B. it is closing up to one-fourth of its stores, which accounted for its poor sales
C. it was closing up to one fourth of its stores because of poor sales
D. to be closing, on account of poor sales, up to one-fourth of its stores
E. having poor sales, such that up to one-fourth of its stores will be closed
题目释义：TWEC announced it was …… because of……
1. 时态要（根据句子意思）保持一致
2. 代词指代
3. 固定搭配：account for：to be the reason why something happens
·Recent pressure at work may account for his behavior.
4. announce固定搭配：
(1) announce something to somebody 或者 announce to somebody something (相当于宾语后置)
(2) announce a decision/intention/plan (在这个时候如果plan等后面接to do不会产生to do做状语修饰announce的歧义)*:The government has announced plans to create 10,000 new jobs.
(3) announce (that)
(4) announce somebody/yourself 通报...的到达;通知...已准备好（注意这个短语有专门意思）
错误用法：
(1)announce to do/be sth.
5. 句子以简洁有效为美
6. such that 表达的是强调含义，与so that表达目的（后面加情态动词时）的含义不同：so是副词，一般修饰形容词，such是名词，一般指代前面的名词。
A. 时态错误, TWEC announced that since sales……are poor, they will…, announced与are, will时态不一致；此外，they在语法上可以指代sales，但是在逻辑上应该指代its stores，存在歧义，不正确。
B．时态错误，同A。首先，在此which只有指代了前面整句逻辑才合理，但which在GMAT里面无法指代前面整句。其次即便which能指代前面整句，which account for:说明（解释）…的原因，此处将句意变为了“关门是poor sales的原因”，所以不正确。
C．Correct；如果宾语从句引导词that不补出，依然能使正常读者清晰断句，且announce后面常常不补出。
D．announce to do是错的，正确用法是announce sth.或者announce+从句；（on account of是否可用，仍待GMAT另外说明，从未在正确句子中出现过）。
E．announce having poor sales累赘(having是一个动名词gerund)，unidiomatic；will时态错误，同A；such that用法错误。
1. 原句：related source:http://www.nytimes.com/1996/02/08/business/company-briefs-029980.html
TRANS WORLD ENTERTAINMENT CORP., Albany, which owns the Record Town and Saturday Matinee retail chains, announced that it was closing up to one-fourth of its stores because of poor sales. The company closed 180 stores last year.
2. because of与on account of：
because of意为"由于，因为"，强调因果关系，在句中仅作状语。because of 既可表示好的原因，也可表示坏的。大多数情况都是用于造成不太好结果的原因。
on account of与because of同义，但语气较为正式。on account of 非常客观的表示原因，适用于任何情况，可作状语、表语，不作定语。
Caribou are wary animals with excellent hearing, so stalking them over the treeless landscape, getting close enough to kill it with nothing but a handheld lance, as Dorset people did, required exceptional hunting skill.
A. so stalking them over the treeless landscape, getting close enough to kill it
B. so to stalk them over the treeless landscape and get close enough to kill one
C. so in order to stalk them over the treeless landscape and get close enough to kill one
D. and so in order to stalk it over the treeless landscape, getting close enough to kill it
E. and so stalking them over the treeless landscape and getting close enough in order to kill it
题目释义：Caribou are……, so to stalk …… and get …… required…….
1. one和it的用法。it指代上文提到过的那个东西，而one泛指那一类东西的某一个。根据上下语境，要kill的并不是具体的某一个Caribou，而是任何一个，并且it只能指代在句子中出现的单数名词。
A. stalking与getting缺少连词；it错误，其无法指代caribou(caribou为复数)，应该用one表示泛指。
B. Correct；so作连词，to stalk and get作主语，required是谓语；不定式作名词短语未必需要并列出to；用不定式作主语还是用现在分词作主语差别不大，但仍有些许区别，在此作为假设的动作用不定式显得更加合适(依此点可以直接选出B)。
C. in order to do是目的状语，不能做为名次成分，使得后半句没有主语，而且in order to do不如直接to do来得简洁，错误。
D. and后半句没有主句，只有so引导的结果状语，其实and多余，应该删去；且so和in order to语义重复；in order to目的状语无法修饰逻辑主语getting close enough，且逻辑错误；it错误同A。
E. and后半句没有主句；in order to kill不如to kill简洁，且enough in order to表达unidiomatic。
Being that she was secretary of labor, Frances Perkins' considerable influence with Franklin D. Roosevelt was used preventing him from restraining strikes by longshoremen and automobile workers.
A. Being that she was secretary of labor, Frances Perkins' considerable influence with Franklin D. Roosevelt was used preventing
B. As secretary of labor, Frances Perkins' considerable influence with Franklin D. Roosevelt was used to prevent
C. Being secretary of labor, Frances Perkins' considerable influence with Franklin D. Roosevelt was used preventing
D. As secretary of labor, Frances Perkins used her considerable influence with Franklin D. Roosevelt to prevent
E. Secretary of labor, Frances Perkins' considerable influence was used with Franklin D. Roosevelt preventing
题目释义：As…, Frances Perkins used……to do……
1. (1)Doing sth., SVO.结构中doing分词作伴随状语，其逻辑主语为主句主语，即是doing的动作由S发出(2)Being sth., SVO.结构中being分词做形容词，直接修饰主句主语。
(3)as+n, SVO.主句主语与as后的名词是对等概念，表达“作为”用as是最佳，being（that）累赘。
2. considerable:相当多的；considerate：体贴的，体谅的
3. 固定搭配 use to do，prevent sb. from doing.
4. 冠词与逗号的使用规则：参见prep sc1-228补充说明
5. influence (with sb) ability to obtain favourable treatment from sb, usu by means of acquaintance, status, wealth, etc. 权力; 势力; 权势:
use one's influence (with sb) 利用（与某人的关系的）影响力
She has great influence with the manager and could no doubt help you. 她对经理很有影响力, 无疑能帮你忙.
A. being that错误；use固定搭配用法错。
B. influence和secretary of labor概念不对等；use用了被动语态，使得influence的动作发出者不明。
C. being secretary of labor修饰influence错误，概念上不对等；use错误同B。
D. Correct；仅仅从主语修饰成分即可排除A，B，C，E而仅留下D；as secretary of labor中用了as有伴随之意，即伴随说明”是Frances Perkins作为secretary of labor时发生的事情”。
E. Secretary of labor同位修饰influence错误，而事实上即便改为Secretary of labor, Frances Perkins也是不太恰当的，因为如果把职位、称号放在人名前面，如果没有冠词，或者有定冠词，就不用逗号；而且be use doing sth.搭配错误；influence was used with FDR preventing中influence with sb.搭配错误；use固定搭配用法错。
Rock samples taken from the remains of an asteroid about twice the size of the 6-mile-wide asteroid that eradicated the dinosaurs has been dated to be 3.47 billion years old and thus is evidence of the earliest known asteroid impact on Earth.
A. has been dated to be 3.47 billion years old and thus is
B. has been dated at 3.47 billion years old and thus
C. have been dated to be 3.47 billion years old and thus are
D. have been dated as being 3.47 billion years old and thus
E. have been dated at 3.47 billion years old and thus are
题目释义：Rock samples ……have been dated at x years old and thus are……
1. 主谓一致，名词复数作主语，其谓语也用负数
2. Date的固定搭配：date to 后面是ago，且to后面直接接年代数字（不需要接be）；date at 后面与old搭配。(具体参见prep1-256)
A． 谓语has和is错，主语是rock samples，谓语要用复数；dated to be 3.47 billion years old搭配错误。
B． has主谓不一致；and前后时态不一致，不应该省略后面的be动词；
C． be dated to be错，be dated to与old搭配错
D． date as being搭配错误；and前后时态不一致，不应该省略后面的be动词
E． Correct。
Although she had been known as an effective legislator first in the Texas Senate and later in the United States House of Representatives, not until Barbara Jordan’s participation in the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon in 1974 was she made a nationally recognized figure, as it was televised nationwide.
A. later in the United States House of Representatives, not until Barbara Jordan’s participation in the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon in 1974 was she made a nationally recognized figure, as it was
B. later in the United States House of Representatives, Barbara Jordan did not become a nationally recognized figure until 1974, when she participated in the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon, which were
C. later in the United States House of Representatives, it was not until 1974 that Barbara Jordan became a nationally recognized figure, with her participation in the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon, which was
D. then also later in the United States House of Representatives, not until 1974 did Barbara Jordan become a nationally recognized figure, as she participated in the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon, being
E. then also later in the United States House of Representatives, Barbara Jordan did not become a nationally recognized figure until 1974, when she participated in the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon, which was
题目释义：Although she had been known……，Barbara Jordan did not……，when she……
1. then与later用词重复
2. 定语从句可以根据动词的单复数形式来实现跳跃修饰，使句子符合逻辑
此处的impeachment 是一种法律程序，impeach的英文解释为：If a government official is impeached, they are formally charged with a serious crime in a special government court:
e.g.：The governor was impeached for using state funds improperly.
因此电视直播的只能是有关这一法律程序的听证会，所以which从句只能修饰hearings，而不是这一法律程序本身。
3. 主从句对位指代：如果主从句主语相同，那么当主句在前时，主句主语要用名词，从句主语要用代词；当从句在前是，从句主语可以用名词也可以用代词，当从句主语用代词时，主句要用名词，当从句主语用名词时，主句主语用代词指代从句主语。
A. 打破主从句对位指代规则，句式awkward——即she为although引导的让步状语从句的主语，那么最好主语一开头就是she所指代的对象，也就是Barbara Jordan，而不是not until；she made a nationally recognized figure较口语化，用become更好；hearings是复数，不能用it指代。
B. Correct；句式简洁明确，层层递进(很明显的正确选项特征)，且符合主从句对位指代规则。
C. 主句主语用Barbara Jordan比较好；with引导的独立主格做伴随逻辑意思不合理；定语从句的谓语动词was主谓不一致，应该用were。
D. 主句主语用Barbara Jordan比较好；then与later用词重复；用as来引导伴随状语逻辑含义不合理；being做伴随状语，其逻辑主语是she，逻辑含义错误。
E. 错误同DC
本题存在部分倒装：
原句：not until Barbara Jordan's participation in the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon in 1974 was she made a nationally recognized figure,
正常语序是she was made a nationally recognized figure not until Barbara Jordan's participation in the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon in 1974
There are no legal limits, as there are for cod and haddock, on the size of monkfish that can be caught, a circumstance that contributes to their depletion through overfishing.
A. There are no legal limits, as there are for cod and haddock, on the size of monkfish that can be caught, a circumstance that contributes to their depletion through overfishing.
B. There are no legal limits on the size of monkfish that can be caught, unlike cod or haddock, a circumstance that contributes to depleting them because they are being overfished.
C. There are legal limits on the size of cod and haddock that can be caught, but not for monkfish, which contributes to its depletion through overfishing.
D. Unlike cod and haddock, there are no legal size limits on catching monkfish, which contributes to its depletion by being overfished.
E. Unlike catching cod and haddock, there are no legal size limits on catching monkfish, contributing to their depletion because they are overfished.
题目释义：There are……，as there are……，a circumstance that……
没有像鳕鱼和黑线鳕鱼那样有关于捕捞尺寸的法律保护是安康鱼被过度捕捞的原因之一
1. like/unlike A, S.V.O. 中S与A一定要可比，绝对对称。
2. which/it不能指代一句话，常用同位结构进行替换，例如可以使用discovery/fact等名词总结一句话
3. limit的固定搭配：
n. : limit on sth.; limit to do sth. limit for sb./sth.
There's a limit on the time you have to take the test.
The time limit for making claims is three months.
There's no age limit for applicants.
There's a limit to what we can do to help.
vt.: limit sb. to sth.; limit sth. (to sth.); be limited to sth
A. Correct；monkfish单复数同型(见补充说明)，their指代monkfish；there be句型的平行要补出there be。
B. unlike的两个对象不可比(size v.s. monkfish)，且放在中间，易产生修饰歧义；depleting them是主动语态，可是动作发出者又不明，错误；用because引导的原因状语从句来表示方式太过于累赘。
C. which不能指代一句话；应该用their来指代monkfish，因为monkfish前面没有冠词，所以是复数。
D. unlike比较双方不可比；its指代复数名词monkfish错误；by不如through好；being overfished修饰了contributes与contributes的逻辑主语which，不合理。
E. Unlike比较双方不可比；前面there be句型是主系表结构，所以后面contributing不能表示伴随结构，而是作为形容词修饰前面的名词catching monkfish；用because引导的原因状语从句来表示方式太过于累赘。
1. through和by的区别：
through doing往往是指达成、做到一个结果所做的行为，如本题的depletion就是一个结果。
by doing往往是指为了做某事而行使的行为。
两者差别细微，却可以用于迅速判题，如本题用depletion和through搭配更合理，可以得出D选项不如A，C选项。
2. 关于monkfish, fish的单复数识别：
if "fish" is singular, it must be used WITH AN ARTICLE ("a", "the", etc.)
i saw a fish swimming beneath me --> singular (1 fish)
i saw fish swimming beneath me --> plural (multiple fish)
In attempting to solve the problems caused by a lowering of the price of oil, oil companies operating in the North Sea have taken a variety of approaches, which includes their reducing employment, using new technology to pump oil more efficiently from smaller fields, and finding innovative ways to cut the cost of building and operating platforms.
A. which includes their reducing employment, using new technology to pump oil more efficiently
B. which includes reducing employment, using new technology to be more efficient in pumping oil
C. which include reducing employment, using new technology to pump oil more efficiently
D. which include the reduction of employment, their using new technology to pump oil more efficiently
E. including a reduction of employment, their use of new technology to be more efficient at pumping oil
题目释义：In attempting to solve……，oil companies have taken……，which ……，using……
1. 平行结构中要注意平行对象要对等（形式和功能），动作性名词不能和名词性名词平行并列
2. (1) “a variety of/ a number of + 复数名词”后面谓语用复数形式；
(2) the number of / the variety of + 复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数；
(3) “a body of/a collection of/an arrary of/a series of/a set of/a portion of/a group of/ a constellation of/a team of + 复数名词”作主语后面谓语都用单数形式，因为body/collection等被视作集合名词(collective noun)，后面是of引导的介宾短语做形容词。
A. a variety of +复数名词，谓语动词用复数，且which引导的定语从句修饰approaches，所以includes错；their reducing中their多余(有效性错误)。
B. includes主谓不一致错误；using new technology to be more efficient改变句意，变得不合理(更加有效率地使用新技术，合理句意应该是新技术使得pump更加有效率)；在做某事有效率要用at doing sth.。
C. Correct；reducing, using, finding三者平行。
D. reduction，their using与finding不平行
E. reduction，use与finding不平行；use of new technology to be more efficient改变句意，变得不合理(更加有效率地使用新技术，合理句意应该是新技术使得pump更加有效率)
1. In attempt to与in attempting to没有区别
2. Efficient at与efficient in doing sth.：
At:做某事时有效率 Their equipment was not as efficient at finding gold as today's machinery.
In:在某方面节约有效The heating system is very efficient in its use of of fuel.
Fossils of the arm of a sloth found in Puerto Rico in 1991, and dated at 34 million years old, made it the earliest known mammal of the Greater Antilles islands.
A. sloth found in Puerto Rico in 1991, and dated at 34 million years old, made it the earliest known mammal of
B. sloth, that they found in Puerto Rico in 1991, has been dated at 34 million years old, thus making it the earliest mammal known on
C. sloth that was found in Puerto Rico in 1991, was dated at 34 million years old, making this the earliest known mammal of
D. sloth, found in Puerto Rico in 1991, have been dated at 34 million years old, making the sloth the earliest known mammal on
E. sloth which, found in Puerto Rico in 1991, was dated at 34 million years old, made the sloth the earliest known mammal of
题目释义：Fossils……have been dated ……，making……
1. 定语从句：限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
2. 主谓一致
A. dated与found都是过去分词，共同修饰fossils，and前面不需要逗号；fossils使得sloth成为earliest known mammal逻辑意思不对，应该是年份鉴定的结果使之成为earliest known mammal；it指代不清楚，代词难以指到介词的宾语
B. that they中的they无指代；that引导的是限制性定语从句，与先行词之间不能加逗号，且当先行词在定语从句中做宾语时关系代词不必补出；has错，fossils是复数名词，应该使用have；it指代不清；主句与伴随状语making it…无因果关系，不应用thus
C. that was可以省略，且应该用that were；谓语动词应该用复数形式；this无所指
D. Correct；found修饰fossils；have been dated是句子的谓语部分，主语是fossils，making伴随表结果；be dated at/to … years old都是对的。
E. 非限制性定语从句前应该加上逗号；定语从句谓语动词形式错误，应该用复数
OG 12-78解释：
Agreement; Logical predication
The subject of the sentence is the plural fossils, not sloth, and therefore requires a plural verb. It therefore does not have a singular antecedent. To clarify the identification of the oldest known mammal, the noun the sloth must be explicitly identified.
A Because sloth is the object of a preposition and not the subject of the sentence, there is no reasonable antecedent for the pronoun it; in this construction, the subject of made is fossils, but it makes no sense to say that the fossils made it the earliest known mammal.
B The introduction of the mysterious they, a pronoun without a reference, adds confusion to this sentence; the singular verb does not agree with the plural subject.
C The relative clause that was … is wordy and awkward; the singular verb does not agree with the plural subject.
D Correct. The plural verb agrees with its plural subject, and the sloth is explicitly identified as the earliest known mammal.
E The singular verb does not agree with the plural subject.
The fact of some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely they vary considerably on a spectrum of genetic relatedness.
A. The fact of some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely they vary considerably
B. That some fraternal twins resemble each other greatly while others look quite dissimilar highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely that they vary considerably
C. With some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar, it highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely considerable variation
D. With some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar, it is a fact that highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely a considerable variation
E. Because some fraternal twins resemble each other greatly and others look quite dissimilar, this fact highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely they vary considerably
题目释义：That……highlights……，namely that……
1. one与another搭配；some和others搭配；each和the other搭配；each other和others搭配
2. namely的用法十分灵活：（=that is to say, along with）. 它是副词，后面不能直接加句子
（1）补充说明前面离它最近的名词成分；e.g.: The other change, namely the increase in electronic equipment, has slowed down.
（2）补充说明句子主语；e.g.：One group of people seems to be forgotten, namely pensioners.
（3）namely后面跟从句解释前面的名词成分；e.g.: On the next trip, I solved part of the problem, but after discussing the situation with AB on the phone an alternative solution was at hand; namely, that from 1987 onwards I would spend my winters playing for Queensland.
A. the fact后面用of无法完全解释fact的内容，应该用that引导的同位语从句，来说明twins发生了什么fact(更多详见补充)；namely是副词，后面直接加句子错，应该加上连词that；
B. Correct；本句是namely上述的第2种用法，本句亦可调换顺序改为第一种用法：That some fraternal twins resemble each other greatly while others look quite dissimilar, namely that they vary considerably, highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs.从形合的角度，that…, namely that…更为对称，直接只剩下B选项；另外，"namely that they vary..."和"namely considerable variation"语法上都是没有问题的，这一点直接排除A,E，留下B,C,D，再根据需要标明variation的主体，所以用they vary更好，排除C,D；some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly和others looking quite dissimilar是成对比的两样事物，用while连接比用and连接更好。
C. It无所指；some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly和others looking quite dissimilar是成对比的两样事物，应该用while连接更好；with独立主格的逻辑主语错误；variation与feature并不对等，因此namely无补充说明对象。
D. It指代正确，因为是结构it is a fact that结构的一部分，强调句；a fact无所指；with独立主格错误同C；namely无补充说明对象。
E. Because引导的是原因状语从句，而并不是名词性从句，使得this fact无所指；namely后应该加上that。
the fact of在GMAT中从未成为过正确选项，必须用that引导同位语从句修饰fact，例：
1. Chronic low-level leaking and the routine discharge of drilling mud and mineral salts present considerable environmental risk during offshore oil drilling.
(A) Chronic low-level leaking and the routine discharge of drilling mud and mineral salts present considerable environmental risk during offshore oil drilling.
(B) The reason offshore oil drilling presents a considerably environmental risk is because of chronic low-level leaking and the routine discharge of drilling mud and mineral salts.
(C) A considerable risk to the environment is presented during offshore oil drilling, where low-level leaks are chronic and the routine discharge of mud and mineral salts.
(D) Offshore oil drilling presents a considerable risk to the environment due to the fact of chronic low-level leaks, and mud and mineral salts are routinely discharged.
(E) Chronic low-level leaking, along with the routine discharge of drilling mud and mineral salts, are what make offshore oil drilling environmentally risky.
正确答案为A
2. Darwin was not the first to advance a theory of evolution; his tremendous originality lay in the fact that he proposed the idea of natural selection as the means by which evolution worked.
(A) lay in the fact that he proposed the idea
(B) lay in the fact of his proposing the idea
(C) laid in the fact of his proposing the idea
(D) laid in his proposal
(E) lay in his proposal
正确答案为E
3. A discussion of our nation’s foreign policy must begin with the fact of there being an independent Western Europe which now thinks of itself in trans-nationalist terms.
(A) A discussion of our nation’s foreign policy must begin with the fact of there being
(B) Beginning any discussion of our nation’s foreign policy must be the fact of there being
(C) Any discussion of our nation’s foreign policy must begin with the fact that there is
(D) Any discussion of our nation’s foreign policy must begin by acknowledging the existence of
(E) To begin discussing our nation’s foreign policy thee must be an acknowledgment of the fact that
正确答案为D
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