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本文是在国内GMAT考生中广为流传的PREP语法笔记整理而成。这些PREP题目，包括了老PREP和新PREP中的各2套共493道题目。我们把这些题目，按20道题目一组，创建了25个练习册，方便大家先做后看。
注意：此部分解析为非官方、非专业老师整理的解析。
先做后看，对大家的提高更加有好处哦~
而且借助考GMAT先进的做题系统，也更有利于后面回看错题以及分析错题哦。
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In January 1994 an oil barge ran aground off the coast of San Juan, Puerto Rico, leaking its cargo of 750,000 gallons into the ocean, while causing the pollution of the city's beaches.
A. leaking its cargo of 750,000 gallons into the ocean, while causing the pollution of
B. with its cargo of 750,000 gallons leaking into the ocean, and it polluted
C. and its cargo of 750,000 gallons leaked into the ocean, polluting
D. while it leaked its cargo of 750,000 gallons into the ocean and caused the pollution of
E. so that its cargo of 750,000 gallons leaked into the ocean, and they were polluting
题目释义:..an oil barge ran aground, and its cargo leaked……., polluting
题目释义，逻辑表达
1. while的用法：
while引导的从句：
1) 意思是“当…时”，放句首或句中
2) 意思是“转折对比contrast”时，多放在句中，也可以放在句首。while表示对比概念的时候，两个事物要是同时发生（但是while本身并没有at the same time的意思，所以while at the same time是可以prep 1-96）。
3) 意思是“虽然、尽管”（让步）时，多放在句首。(=although)
4) 表示条件,意为"只要",其意思和用法相当于as long as。while可位于句首,也可位于句中。
2. 现在分词的用法，现在分词在句中可用作表语、定语、状语、补语，如
1) 作表语:The situation is quite encouraging.
2) 用作定语:Do you know the girl sitting under the tree? She is a charming girl.
3) 状语:The students went out of the classroom,talking and laughing.
4) 补语:Don’t keep us waiting for a long time.I heard him singing in the classroom.
在Gmat中，常见分词做定语及状语的结构。一点要注意的现在分词和过去分词不可以做句子主语(如果放在句首则要考虑是否倒装)，动名词和不定式可以，动名词做主语往往表示一个概念，不定式表示一个概念或者一个即将发生的动作。
3. 现在分词在句尾用逗号与主句隔开时，可以做伴随结果状语和伴随动作状语；当其在做伴随结果状语时，并没有逻辑主语（但是与主句主语结合要有意义，具体见本题后面补充说明）。
A. leaking作为ran aground off的结果状语不如并列合理（ran aground了不一定leaking）；while causing中暗指被省略的causing的主语是barge，逻辑错误，而且用while来连接causing和前面分句的关系不合理(不管是引导时状、还是转折、还是让步、还是条件)；causing the pollution不如直接polluting做结果状语表达有效；
B. and后面的it指代barge错误，barge不能造成污染，而是撞击并泄露的事才造成污染，所以and两边的逻辑并列关系不成立。
C. Correct。
D. it leaked its cargo of 750,000 gallons表达累赘；caused的动作发者是barge逻辑上不合理，应该是泄漏这件事情导致；用while来表达前后分句的逻辑关系错误；caused the pollution of不简洁。
E. they只能指代前面唯一的复数gallons，但gallons只是一个单位，无法导致污染，逻辑含义错误(亦可解释为they无所指)；且so that前不应有逗号，而且its cargo of 750,000 gallons leaked into the ocean并不是an oil barge ran aground off the coast of San Juan的必然结果，所以逻辑上用so that连接不合适。
分词短语逻辑主语的判断
a) 分词短语在句首作状语:逻辑主语=主句主语
b) ing分词短语在句尾:
Ø 表伴随动作/状态/功能,与句子谓语动作同时发生,逻辑主语=句子主语
Ø 表伴随结果,整个句子是原因,导致分词动作产生,无逻辑主语.可以在分词前加thus/thereby/in effect/in fact等,也可以不加（OG10-259）。
*：注意无论前面是主动还是被动语态，现在分词短语修饰的都是主语，如下面manhattan的Ron大神所示例子：
My brother tricked me, disappointing Dad --> implies that dad is disappointed in my brotherfor tricking me (and not necessarily disappointed in me for being tricked).
I was tricked by my brother, disappointing Dad -->implies that dad is disappointed in me because i fell for my brother's trick(and not that he's disappointed in my brother for tricking me).
c) ed分词短语在句尾,一般优先就近作定语,修饰名词[OG10-127]
d) ing分词和ed分词在句中：优先作定语修饰就近的名词[OG10-191]
e) 介词或介词短语+ing分词: in addition to/in/by/without/besides+doing…,句子
Ø 在句首,逻辑主语=句子主语
Ø 在句尾,逻辑主语可能是句子主语也可能不是
关于分词修饰语的理解 – by tigercaiqun
1.当过去分词在句末时，不管有无逗号，一般都是就近修饰名词; 但偶尔也做状语修饰整个句子，如He hurried to the hall, followed by two guards. 修饰情况由逻辑决定。
2.现在分词在句末时，无逗号是就近修饰的名词的定语；
3.当现在分词在句尾且前有逗号时,修饰邻近句子的主语,做主语的伴随状语或做句子的伴随结果.因此不能用句尾现在分词修饰前面句尾的名词. 所以OG127说C选项:"the phrase having been assigned...is uncertain in reference,making the sentence unclear."-->就是说这个现在分词本来是应该修饰前面的employee的,却变成了修饰主语governments了. (另外在GMAT里,having been done的用法错误,应直接用done)
避免上述错误的方法:所修饰的名词在句尾用定语从句修饰--OG127正确选项B (而不用加逗号的现在分词修饰.其实分词是定语从句的省略形式,在句中无逗号分词(注意是无逗号的,有逗号的在句中有歧义)就比定语从句简洁)还有 OG120也是同样道理:修饰句尾名词,正确选项A用定语从句.E选项的句尾现在分词错误.
4.当现在/过去分词在句中且前没有逗号,修饰前面紧邻名词;
5.当现在/过去分词在句中且前后都有逗号,有歧义:1)修饰前面紧邻的名词,2)向后修饰后面句子的主语.
这种结构在GMAT肯定错,如果修饰某句主语,则避免将该分词置于以名词结尾的句后.避免方式:1)用定语从句/介词短语明确修饰对象.2)可将分词提到句首,所修饰主语及所在句子紧跟其后-->形成句首分词修饰句子主语.见OG179
6.在前面有多个名词如名词1+介词+名词2结构,而要用分词修饰名词1时,为避免歧义要重复名词1即用同位语结构:名词1+介词+名词2,名词1+分词.见OG208。
Rivaling the pyramids of Egypt or even the ancient cities of the Maya as an achievement, the army of terra-cotta warriors created to protect Qin Shi Huang, China's first emperor, in his afterlife is more than 2,000 years old and took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to complete them.
A. took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to complete them
B. took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to complete it
C. took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to complete
D. 700,000 artisans took more than 36 years to complete
E. to complete them took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years
题目释义：the army is …. and took …. years to complete
题目释义，指代一致
1. 不定式的用法：当不定式修饰其逻辑宾语时，如Can you give me some work to do? 不定式的后面是不能带宾语的。(具体不定式用法见补充说明)
2. Run-on sentence。
(A) 当不定式修饰其逻辑宾语时，不定式的后面是不能带宾语的：这个句子里to complete做状语修饰动词took和其逻辑主语是the army of terra-cotta warriors，所以其后面不能再带宾语；them与所指对象the army of terra-cotta warriors单复数不一致。
(B) it必须省略，原因如A。
(C) Correct。
(D) 700,000 artisans重新引出新的句子，and前缺少逗号，形式上是造成了run-on sentence；同时因为主语不一致，complete后面应该加宾语it来指代the army of terra-cotta warriors。
(E) to complete提前使句式awkward，常用习惯表达是sth. took sb. some time to do；them与所指对象the army of terra-cotta warriors单复数不一致。
OG12-61：
Rivaling the pyramids of Egypt or even the ancient cities of the Maya as an achievement, the army of terra-cotta warriors created to protect Qin Shi Huang, China’s first emperor, in his afterlife is more than
2,000 years old and took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to complete.
(A) the army of terra-cotta warriors created to protect Qin Shi Huang, China’s fi rst emperor, in his afterlife
is more than 2,000 years old and took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to complete
(B) Qin Shi Huang, China’s first emperor, was protected in his afterlife by an army of terracotta warriors that was created more than 2,000 years ago by 700,000 artisans who took more than 36 years to complete it
(C) it took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to create an army of terra-cotta warriors more than 2,000 years ago that would protect Qin Shi Huang, China’s first emperor, in his afterlife
(D) more than 2,000 years ago, 700,000 artisans worked more than 36 years to create an army of
terra-cotta warriors to protect Qin Shi Huang, China’s first emperor, in his afterlife
(E) more than 36 years were needed to complete the army of terra-cotta warriors that 700,000 artisans created 2,000 years ago to protect Qin Shi Huang, China’s first emperor, in his afterlife
Logical predication; Rhetorical construction
The opening modifier, Rivaling the pyramids … describes the army of terra-cotta warriors, which must immediately follow the modifier. The placement of the predicates that follow is important; they must clarify two things about the army of terra-cotta warriors: how old it is and how long it took to complete. The clearest and most effective way to express these two assertions is as parallel verb phrases, is more than 2,000 years old and took … more than 36 years to complete.
A Correct. Th e opening phrase correctly modifies the subject, the army of terra-cotta warriors; the placement of modifiers and predicates in the main clause makes the meaning of the sentence clear.
B Opening phrase is a dangling modifier because it does not describe the subject Qin Shi Huang; in addition, the sentence is awkward and unclear.
C Opening phrase is a dangling modifier because it does not describe the subject it; the sequence of information presented is confusing and unclear.
D Opening phrase is a dangling modifier because it does not describe the subject 700,000 artisans.
E Opening phrase is a dangling modifier because it does not describe the subject more than 36 years.
The correct answer is A.
1. 不定式做状语的含义：
(1) 不定式常常作目的状语、原因状语、结果状语等。
(2) 不定式作状语时，要注意不定式的逻辑主语应与句子的主语保持一致。
2. 不定式做定语的含义：
(1) 不定式在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如：
① The next train to arrive is from Washington.
② Have you anything to be taken to your sister?
③ Do you have anything to say on the question?
④ Would you please give me some paper to write on?
⑤ My wish to visit France has come true at last.
(2) 不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系：
1) 表示将来的动作（例①）。
2) 与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词（例④）。
3) 与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时，尽管有被动含义，却仍用主动语态（例③）；如只有动宾关系，而与句中其它词无逻辑上的主谓关系，则需用被动语态（例②）。
Charles Lindbergh, for his attempt at a solo transatlantic flight, was very reluctant to have any extra weight on his plane, he therefore refused to carry even a pound of mail, despite being offered $1,000 to do so.
A. Charles Lindbergh, for his attempt at a solo transatlantic flight, was very reluctant to have any extra weight on his plane, he therefore
B. When Charles Lindbergh was attempting his solo transatlantic flight, being very reluctant to have any extra weight on his plane, he
C. Since he was very reluctant to carry any extra weight on his plane when he was attempting his solo transatlantic flight, so Charles Lindbergh
D. Being very reluctant to carry any extra weight on his plane when he attempted his solo transatlantic flight was the reason that Charles Lindbergh
E. Very reluctant to have any extra weight on his plane when he attempted his solo transatlantic flight, Charles Lindbergh
题目释义：Very reluctant to have any extra weight ….., Charles Lindbergh refused to …….., despite…..…
主语是Charles Lindbergh，形容词引导的不定式前置，修饰主语，谓语为refuse to do sth，despite引导的状语从句，修饰谓语，表转折。
句子结构
1. Attempt的用法:
做及物动词时：
attempt to do sth.
attempt sth.
做名词时：
an attempt at (doing) sth.
an attempt to do sth. 但是不及attempt to do sth.简洁有效
(A) 缺少连词，两套主谓结构，注意therefore是副词，不能做连词用；for引出目的状语逻辑不够合理，时间状语即可。
(B) being多余；being very reluctant to引导的成分夹心修饰。
(C) since和so语意重复，且两句话两个连词错误。；
(D) 句式结构复杂，clumsy&awkward。
(E) Correct。
放下对despite的偏见：despite后面既可以跟n.+长修饰语，也可以跟动名词。
本题. Very reluctant to have any extra weight on his plane when he attempted his solo transatlantic flight, Charles Lindbergh refused to carry even a pound of mail, despite being offered $1,000 to do so.
prep1-183. Despite recent increases in sales and cash flow that have propelled automobile companies' common stocks to new highs, several industry analysts expect automakers, in order to conserve cash, to be more conservative than they have been in setting dividends.
OG11-92. Despite protests from some waste-disposal companies, state health officials have ordered that the levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches be measured and the results published.
prep2- 209. (GWD-10-Q21) Despite the growing number of people who purchase plane tickets online, airline executives are convinced that, just as one-third of bank customers still prefer human tellers to automatic teller machines, many travelers will still use travel agents.
In 1713, Alexander Pope began his translation of the Iliad, a work that, taking him seven years until completion, and that literary critic Samuel Johnson, Pope's contemporary, pronounced the greatest translation in any language.
A. his translation of the Iliad, a work that, taking him seven years until completion, and that literary critic Samuel Johnson, Pope's contemporary, pronounced
B. his translation of the Iliad, a work that took him seven years to complete and that literary critic Samuel Johnson, Pope's contemporary, pronounced
C. his translation of the Iliad, a work that had taken seven years to complete and that literary critic Samuel Johnson, Pope's contemporary, pronounced it as
D. translating the Iliad, a work that took seven years until completion and that literary critic Samuel Johnson, Pope's contemporary, pronounced it as
E. translating the Iliad, a work that had taken seven years to complete and literary critic Samuel Johnson, Pope's contemporary, pronounced it
题目释义： Alexander Pope began his translation …, a work that …. and that….
a work引导同位语从句，修饰the Iliad，that…and that…并列修饰work，第二个that引导的从句中，that(指代a work)做pronounced的宾语，the greatest translation…是宾补。
平行对称，逻辑表达
1. 逻辑表达，修饰同一对象的成分必须用连词连接使其平行，否则会产生修饰歧义。
2. 平行对称，出现连词and要注意句子的平行对象是否合理并且符合原句意思。
3. pronounce固定搭配: pronounce sb/sth sth/adj:
e.g. The victim was pronounced dead on arrival.
I now pronounce you man and wife.
4. 不定式的用法，参照前面182题。
(A) taking him seven years until completion做了插入语，使得a work that后面的that从句没有主干内容；take sb. some time until completion中，completion的动作发出者不明。
(B) Correct；sth. that sb. pronounce sth.中pronounce的宾语that已经前置，同时也说明了定语从句先行词在定从中做宾语，在考虑平行、无歧义的情况下，有时需要补出关系代词。
(C) 使用过去完成时态错误，过去完成时表达了had taken发生在began以前：“书在开始翻以前就被翻译好了”，很荒谬；take seven years to complete中take后面省略宾语him使得谁在complete不清楚，好像是指所有人；pronounce it as …it多余，且固定搭配错误，pronounce sb/sth sth中没有as。
(D) a work变成了同位修饰the Iliad，而不是the translation，错误；take后面省略宾语him使得谁在complete不清楚；until completion将take与complete的关系割裂，造成completion的动作发出者不明，同时使得前面take seven years没有意义；pronounce it as …it多余，且固定搭配错误，pronounce sb/sth sth中没有as。
(E) a work变成了同位修饰the Iliad，而不是the translation，错误；使用过去完成时态错误，过去完成时表达了had taken发生在began以前：“书在开始翻以前就被翻译好了”，很荒谬；and后面并没有采用与前面that平行的方式，而是重新起了一个分句，使得句式awkward, weird&unclear。
OG12-48的解释：
Logical predication; Grammatical construction
Pope’s translation of the Iliad, not the Iliad itself, took seven years to complete. Th e main point of
the sentence is that Pope began this translation in 1713, and every other comment about it must be
subordinated to that opening claim, in parallel relative clauses.
A. work that … requires a verb; without it, the sentence is a fragment.
B. Correct. Pope’s translation is described as a work, which is then described concisely in two dependent clauses.
C. The pronoun it after pronounced is redundant, an ungrammatical reference to a work, which has already been referenced by the relative pronoun that. ungrammatical reference to a work, which has already been referenced by the relative pronoun that.
D. The appositive phrase a work … incorrectly refers to the Iliad, not Pope’s translation.
E. The appositive phrase a work … incorrectly refers to the Iliad; the coordinating conjunction introduces inappropriate emphasis on Johnson’s description, and the expression is awkward and unclear.
When drive-ins were at the height of their popularity in the late 1950s, some 4,000 existed in the United States, but today there are less than one-quarter that many.
A. there are less than one-quarter that many
B. there are fewer than one-quarter as many
C. there are fewer than one-quarter of that amount
D. the number is less than one-quarter the amount
E. it is less than one-quarter of that amount
题目释义：when drive-ins were…, 4,000 existed in the United States, but today there are fewer than one-quarter as many.
比较结构，逻辑表达，句子结构
1. 4000这个单独的数字不可能existed in the United States，且数字可以做代词，故4000指代了4000 drive-ins，后面要用复数形式的谓语动词。
2. amount的用法：GMAT里面AMOUNT的用法解释是：amount is for undifferentiated masses such as sand or water，即amount用于修饰不可分割的物体，即修饰不可数名词，因为4000 drive-ins是4000个不同的个体所以that amount不可以修饰4000。另外amount与less搭配
3. 比较。词组：less/fewer than X percent of Y，less或fewer的选用取决于Y是否可数，本题的比较对象是drive-ins。既然全句比较的是可数名词，相应地，需要用are、fewer和many/number等与可数名词复数形式相一致的表述。
4. as many的用法(摘自Longman):
as many=a number that is equal to another number à表示同样的数字
They say the people of Los Angeles speak 12 languages and teach just as many in the schools.
in as many days/weeks/games etc.
A great trip! We visited five countries in as many days (=in five days).
*: "twice as many", "one-quarter as many", etc.都是非常常见的用法，记住这样的表达。
(A) one quarter加后面的部分应该是一个可数项，而less修饰不可数名词，且用less的话，前面要用there is，故用less错误；that many的表达unidiomatic。
(B) Correcet；补全省略即there are fewer than one-quarter as many (as there were at the height of their popularity in the late 1950s)； fewer修饰可数名词正确；one-quarter在此做副词修饰as many，后面不用再加of，类似于twice as many/much as。
(C) amount修饰不可数名词，不能用来修饰4,000（drive-ins）这个可数的量。
(D) the number指代不清；the amount指代不清，只能修饰不可数名词；the number is less没有问题，less和smaller都可以修饰数字。
(E) it没有指代对象；that amount指代4,000 drive-ins错，amount只能用于修饰不可数名词。
1. 关于A选项中的that many还有一种解释：如果是that many，则不能直接跟在副词one-quarter后面，应该在that many前加上of，使得one-quarter作为代词身份出现：one-quarter of of that many。
2. D选项不看未划线部分，不考虑指代来说是没有问题的，the number is less than one-quarter the amount. one-quarter做为形容词/限定词来修饰the amount，中间并没有缺少of.但是amount的指向错了:4000 drive-ins是可数的.
3. 关于less, fewer, amount and number: (http://www.english-for-students.com/Less-1.html)
This is a vast subject. I will try to limit the number of words I expend on it so as not to use up too great an amount of space. The confusion between the two categories of words relating to amount and number is so pervasive that those of us who still distinguish between them constitute an endangered species; but if you want to avoid our ire, learn the difference. Amount words relate to quantities of things that are measured in bulk; number to things that can be counted.
In the second sentence above, it would have been improper to write “the amount of words” because words are discrete entities which can be counted, or numbered.
Here is a handy chart to distinguish the two categories of words:
|
amount |
number |
|
quantity |
number |
|
little |
few |
|
less |
fewer |
|
much |
many |
You can eat fewer cookies, but you drink less milk. If you eat too many cookies, people would probably think you’ve had too much dessert. If the thing being measured is being considered in countable units, then use number words. Even a substance which is considered in bulk can also be measured by number of units. For instance, you shouldn’t drink too much wine, but you should also avoid drinking too many glasses of wine. Note that here you are counting glasses. They can be numbered.
The most common mistake of this kind is to refer to an “amount” of people instead of a “number” of people.
Just to confuse things, “more” can be used either way: you can eat more cookies and drink more milk.
Exceptions to the less/fewer pattern are references to units of time and money, which are usually treated as amounts: less than an hour, less than five dollars. Only when you are referring to specific coins or bills would you use fewer: “I have fewer than five state quarters to go to make my collection complete.”
The greatest road system built in the Americas prior to the arrival of Christopher Columbus was the Incan highway, which, over 2,500 miles long and extending from northern Ecuador through Peru to southern Chile.
A. Columbus was the Incan highway, which, over 2,500 miles long and extending
B. Columbus was the Incan highway, over 2,500 miles in length, and extended
C. Columbus, the Incan highway, which was over 2,500 miles in length and extended
D. Columbus, the Incan highway, being over 2,500 miles in length, was extended
E. Columbus, the Incan highway was over 2,500 miles long, extending
题目释义：The greatest road system…,the Incan highway was over…, extending from…to…
句子结构，逻辑表达
1. 句子结构，有分句的较复杂句子，要注意分句的主谓结构是否完整，分句之间是否有正确的连词连接，整个句子是否有主句，常见的错误是只有从句无主句，或者把形容词结构变成主句内容。
2. extend后面接adverb/preposition/distance时，是不及物动词，无被动语态，如：
+ across/over/through etc
The River Nile extends as far south as Lake Victoria.
extend 100 km/30 yards etc (from sth)
The shelf extends 20 cms from the bookcase.
(A) which引导的定语从句缺少谓语动词
(B) extended变得与前面分句谓语was并列，而逻辑上Incan highway多少长，多少米并列修饰highway最合理；entend的主语变成the greatest road system，显然”the greatest … Clumbus”都只是描述成分，核心词应该是Incan highway，所以the greatest road system作为extend的主语不合适
(C) 整个句子缺少谓语动词；extended被动错句意变成了highway被延伸了，实际上延伸是highway主动发出的动作；in length也是做定语不如long简洁，虽然XXX miles in length的表达形式是正确的
(D) being使用wordy；in length不如long简洁；extended被动形式错，句意变成了highway被延长了，应该是“一路延伸到某个长度”这个感觉
(E) Correct；Extending做状语修饰主句；in length与long日常英语中表达长度时基本没有区别(GMAT中待定)
To develop more accurate population forecasts, demographers have to know a great deal more than now about the social and economic determinants of fertility.
A. have to know a great deal more than now about the social and economic
B. have to know a great deal more than they do now about the social and economical
C. would have to know a great deal more than they do now about the social and economical
D. would have to know a great deal more than they do now about the social and economic
E. would have to know a great deal more than now about the social and economic
题目释义：To develop…, demographers would have to…more than now they do about…
比较结构
1.关于economic和economical
economic 是”经济上的”，economical是”节约的”。
1)economic [only before noun]PE relating to trade, industry, and the management of money
Economic growth is slow.
the government's economic policy
Economic reform is needed.
In the current economic climate (=conditions), we must keep costs down
2) economical =cheap or not wasteful.
(A) a great deal与now比较(than后面只有一个成分now，所以a great deal只有与其进行对比)，概念不对等ànow作为状语没有与其平行的副词，所以than后面需要有成分能够与a great deal平行，一个好的解决方法是than后面补出主谓，使than前后形成句子的平行，补出谓语的原因是使比较对象没有歧义。
(B) economic的意思是：relating to trade, industry, and the management of money，而economical为便宜or节省的意思，根据逻辑含义应该用economic。
(C) economical使用错误。
(D) Correct；本句使用would have to还是have to都可以(详见补充说明)。
(E) a great deal与now比较，概念不对等 。
1. would have to know是不很肯定的语气，其表达的是have to do的内容只是一个假设，并不是真的“必须”，而have to表达的意思是，要做的事情非常重要，“必须”去做。在本题中两种含义都合理，因此没有必要做这样的区分。
大全10. A large rise in the number of housing starts in the coming year should boost new construction dollars by several billion dollars, making the construction industry’s economic health much more robust than five years ago.
(A) making the construction industry’s economic health much more robust than five years ago
(B) and make the construction industry’s economic health much more robust than five years ago
(C) making the construction industry’s economic health much more robust than it was five years ago
(D) to make the construction industry’s economic health much more robust than five years ago
(E) in making the construction industry’s economic health much more robust than it as five years ago
Key: C
The animosity between those who regulate and those who are regulated has never been more pronounced than in recent debates over environmentalism and pollution control.
这个例句中never与in recent debates相对应。
The health benefits of tea have been the subject of much research; in addition to its possibilities for preventing and inhibiting some forms of cancer, the brewed leaves of Camellia sinensis may also play a role in reducing the risk of heart disease and stroke.
A. in addition to its possibilities for preventing and inhibiting
B. in addition to its possibilities to prevent or inhibit
C. besides the possibility that it prevents and inhibits
D. besides the possible preventing and inhibiting of
E. besides possibly preventing or inhibiting
题目释义：besides possibly preventing or inhibiting …, the leaves ..may also play a role in …
逻辑表达，指代一致,固定搭配
1. preventing和inhibiting之间是用or还是and：
prevent: to stop something from happening, or stop someone from doing something
inhibit: to prevent something from growing or developing well
可以发现prevent和inhibit的关系就如destroy与damage的关系à程度不同。即prevent是阻止，使不发生，而inhibit是抑制，即减少。所以不可能既完全阻止又减少，更不可能先完全阻止后减少，所以prevent and inhibit在逻辑意思上绝对错，只能用prevent or inhibit。由此，排除ACD，再用its排除B即可。
2. Possibility的固定搭配:
possibility (that)
There's always a possibility that he might go back to Seattle.
possibility for/of (doing) something
exciting possibilities for reducing costs
Archer began to explore the possibilities of opening a club in the city.
错误搭配：possibility to do sth.
(A) it指代错误，不能指代复数名词brewed leaves，有疑似指代subject的嫌疑；
(B) possibility和to do的搭配错；it指代错误，不能指代复数名词brewed leaves，有疑似指代subject的嫌疑；
(C) 同位语从句possibility that不如possibility of doing简洁；prevents and inhibits 不符合逻辑，应改为or；it指代错误，不能指代复数名词brewed leaves，有疑似指代subject的嫌疑；
(D) 用possible preventing不如possibly preventing；和主句的in doing不能保持平行
(E) Correct；preventing or inhibiting和主句的reducing保持平行（形合），从这一点上可以马上排除其他选项，而不用去考虑preventing和inhibiting之间是用or还是and
Today’s technology allows manufacturers to make small cars more fuel-efficient now than at any time in their production history.
A. small cars more fuel-efficient now than at any time in their
B. small cars that are more fuel-efficient than they were at any time in their
C. small cars that are more fuel-efficient than those at any other time in
D. more fuel-efficient small cars than those at any other time in their
E. more fuel-efficient small cars now than at any time in
题目释义：Today’s technology allows … to…
比较结构，逻辑表达
1. 注意more + adj. + n.的结构，往往都有修饰歧义，因为more可以做形容词也可以做副词，不知more是修饰adj.，还是修饰n.
如more fuel-efficient small cars可能有下面两种意思：
² more [fuel-efficient small cars]：词组的核心意思是更多的车，而这些车是经济省油的
² [more fuel-efficient] small cars：更经济省油的小车
(A) 比较的是时间状语，比较对象变成now和at any time，现代科技能使小车”在现在比在过去”省油，语义存在逻辑错误；today和Now重复；at any time没有将自身排除在外，应为any other time；their指代不明，逻辑上指代cars，可语法上更倾向于指代manufacturers。
(B) that are more fuel-efficient虽然表达比较繁复，但使意思清楚，没有歧义；they指代cars that are more fuel-efficient(包括small cars的修饰词)，表达了前后是同一批cars，既出现在现在，还要出现在任何生产史的阶段，应该用those来指代前面的cars（those为核心词指代）；at any time没有将自身排除在外，应为any other time；their指代不明同A。
(C) Correct；that are more fuel-efficient虽然表达比较繁复，但使意思清楚，没有歧义；those合理的指代了cars，使比较对象对等；at any other time排除了比较的另一段—today，合理；该题目句子合理的意思应该是，现在造出的车，比汽车生产史上其它任何时候造出来的车要更省油；比如说，2005年造出来的车子比2004年造出来的车子省油。而不是某一既定的车子在现在比在过去省油，打个比方说，不应该是某辆车子A在2005年比在它在2004年省油。在构造这个句子时，我们一定要注意这一点，避免形成类似的歧义/逻辑错误。避免这种错误的方法在于，保证句子是名词或代词cars/those之间的比较，而不是表时间的副词或介宾语词组的比较。smallcars that are more fuel-efficient than…这种定语从句结构是没有歧义的。
(D) more fuel-efficient small cars造成adj修饰歧义：more既可修饰fuel-efficient，也可修饰cars；their问题同A。
(E) more fuel-efficient small cars造成adj修饰歧义：more既可修饰fuel-efficient，也可修饰cars；比较对象变成now和at any time；at any time没有将自身排除在外，应为any other time。
Until the passage of the Piracy and Counterfeiting Amendments Act in 1982, a first-time charge of copyright infringement was merely a misdemeanor charge, federal prosecutors being unlikely in pursuing criminal copyright infringers, while offenders were subject to relatively small penalties.
A. charge, federal prosecutors being unlikely in pursuing criminal copyright infringers, while offenders were
B. charge, with federal prosecutors who were unlikely to pursue criminal copyright infringers, offenders being
C. charge, federal prosecutors unlikely to pursue criminal copyright infringers, while offenders were
D. charge; therefore, federal prosecutors were unlikely in pursuing criminal copyright infringers and offenders being
E. charge; therefore, federal prosecutors were unlikely to pursue criminal copyright infringers, and offenders were
题目释义： a first-time charge was merely a misdemeanor charge; therefore, federal prosecutors were unlikely to pursue…., and offenders were subject to ….
“盗版仅仅是不良行为；所以检察官不怎么会追究侵权者，而盗版人所受的处罚也很少”
句子结构，逻辑表达
1. 独立主格结构做伴随状语： 独立主格结构是由一个名词或代词（作为该短语结构的逻辑主语），加上一个分词、形容词、副词、 动词不定式或介词短语（作为该短语结构的逻辑谓语）构成.
独立主格结构放在句首或句尾，起状语作用，表伴随原因﹑条件﹑状态等
1)一般独立主格,与主句形成松散的逻辑关系，与主句描述动作、状态同时发生或存在，形式为:
n．+ n.; n. + -ed/ing 形式; n. + 介词短语;n. +形容词短语
2)with 型独立主格,与主句形成紧密的逻辑联系,形式为:
由“with＋宾语＋宾补”构成的复合结构，在句中可作状语，表示伴随，修饰邻近分句主语，with后面宾语为与主语相关的东西。这一结构中的宾语补足语 可由现在分词、过去分词、形容词、副词或介词短语等来充当。
例：Visitors to the park have often looked into the leafy canopy and seen monkeys sleeping on the branches, with arms and legs hanging like socks on a clothesline.
注：伴随型的状语之所谓叫做“伴随”是因为这个状语的发生因为前面某个动作的发生而存在-->即伴随状语，修饰的是动词，更确切地说是“动作”。因此在此with短语修饰的是sleeping，而sleeping的逻辑主语是monkeys，因此with短语的逻辑主语就成了Monkeys。
注意点：有时候with + noun. + modifier其实是单纯的介宾短语，而不是独立主格结构，一定要注意从逻辑上进行区分（如果从语法上入手区分会太耗费时间也没有必要，特此再次强调要从逻辑看语法的重要性），比如这个正确的句子OG13-7：The intricate structure of the compound insect eye, with its hundreds of miniature eyes called ommatidia, helps explain why scientists have assumed that it evolved independently of the vertebrate eye. 因为called ommatidia并不是表示miniature eyes的动作、状态等独立主格表示出来的逻辑，本质上with its hundreds of miniature eyes called ommatidia并非独立主格结构，而是单纯的介词短语，介词短语修饰的是其临近的名词或名词短语，在此根据逻辑with短语修饰临近的the compound insect eye。
3)each型独立主格,强调句尾名词,形式为:
句子 + 复数名词结尾, each + 介词短语/形容词短语/-ed形式/-ing 形式。
注意点：独立主格并不包括“with + n. + 定语从句”和“n. + 定语从句”的形式，这个形式做的是非限定性修饰前面名词的定语，因为这个形式就相当于n, with + n.，或者是n., n. + that概括性同位语。
2. 同位语与独立主格最主要的区别在于：同位语描述的是事物的具体内容、特征，是一种解释；独立主格则是表示一种伴随状态，描述与所描述分句同步发生的事情。
3. 固定搭配：unlikely to do
(A) being多余；unlikely in doing用法错误；while offenders were成了主句的时间状语从句，逻辑错误。
(B) who were多余，应该省略；with federal prosecutors who were是定语结构，非限定性修饰就近的名词a misdemeanor charge，逻辑不符；being多余；句式不好，独立主格修饰介词短语里面的从句，awkward；而且割裂了were unlikely to pursue criminal copyright infringers, offenders being subject to relatively small penalties与主句的关系。
(C) 前后不是伴随关系，而应该是因果关系；while offenders were成了主句的时间状语从句，逻辑错误。
(D) unlikely in doing用法错误；being错误，不应该用现在分词，而应该直接做谓语。
(E) Correct
除了独立主格，还有以下成分可以做伴随状语：
一、分词短语做伴随状语：现在分词短语和过去分词短语都可以做伴随状语，现在分词短语表示与主句的主语在逻辑上有主谓关系，即表主动意义；而过去分词短语则表示与主句的主语在逻辑上是动宾关系，即被动意义。 例如：
1．“Can't you read？”Mary said angrily pointing to thenotice.
2．He sent me an e-mail hoping to get further information.
3．He hurried to the hall, followed by two guards．
二、形容词短语做伴随状语：
形容词短语做伴随状语时，通常表状态。例如：
1．Full of apologies, the manager approached us．经理向我们走来，嘴里不停地说着抱歉的话。
2．He was too excited, unable to say a word．他太激动了，一句话也说不出来。
3．He stared at the footprint, full offear．他盯着脚印，满心恐惧。
三、单个形容词做伴随状语： 单个形容词做伴随状语也表示状态，不表动作。例如：
1．He sat there, silent．他一声不响地坐在那儿。
2．Breathless, she rushed in through the back door．穿过后门，他气喘吁吁地冲了进来。
3．He went to bed, cold and hungry．他又冷又饿地上床睡觉了。
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