Which of the following best completes the passage below?

Established companies concentrate on defending what they already have.Consequently, they tend not to be innovative themselves and tend to underestimate the effects of the innovations of others.The clearest example of this defensive strategy is the fact that __________.

【选项】ballpoint pens and soft-tip markers have eliminated the traditional market for fountain pens, clearing the way for the marketing of fountain pens as luxury or prestige items