GMAT考满分App
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本文是在国内GMAT考生中广为流传的PREP语法笔记整理而成。这些PREP题目，包括了老PREP和新PREP中的各2套共493道题目。我们把这些题目，按20道题目一组，创建了25个练习册，方便大家先做后看。
注意：此部分解析为非官方、非专业老师整理的解析。
先做后看，对大家的提高更加有好处哦~
而且借助考GMAT先进的做题系统，也更有利于后面回看错题以及分析错题哦。
↑↑↑点击上方开始做题↑↑↑
161. (33613-!-item-!-188;#058&007011)
Unlike the other major planets, Pluto has a highly eccentric orbit, which is thus closer to the Sun
than Neptune is for 20 years out of every 230-year cycle, even though it is commonly described as
the remotest planet in the solar system.
(A) Pluto has a highly eccentric orbit, which is thus closer to the Sun than Neptune is
(B) Pluto has a highly eccentric orbit and is thus closer to the Sun than Neptune is
(C) Pluto's orbit is highly eccentric and is thus closer to the Sun than Neptune
(D) the orbit of Pluto is highly eccentric and thus closer to the Sun than Neptune
(E) the orbit of Pluto is highly eccentric, thus closer to the Sun than Neptune is
句子结构：Unlike … planets, Pluto has … and is … than Neptune is … , even though… 比较结构。
考点：比较、逻辑表达
比较-unlike，与 like 用法相同，比较对象要对等。
逻辑表达，当句子中有并列谓语，并且第二个谓语不在划线部分时，要特别注意选项中的主语是否能
合理地作第二个谓语的主语，并且要注意未划线句子部分是否有代词，使其有合理清楚的指代对
象。
(A) which修饰紧临的名词orbit，不符合逻辑。
(B) 正确，has… and is… 并列谓语，unlike连接比较对象planets和Pluto。
(C) planets与orbit对比，unlike比较对象不对等；orbit作主语，使句子表达了orbit is closer to…的意
思，不符合逻辑，况且未划线部分的代词it应该是指代pluto而不是orbit；than后面省略is，使比较产
生歧义。
(D) planets与orbit对比，unlike比较对象不对等；orbit作主语，使句子表达了orbit is closer to…的意
思，不符合逻辑；than后面省略is，使比较产生歧义。
(E) planets与orbit对比，unlike比较对象不对等；orbit作主语，使句子表达了orbit is closer to…的意
思，不符合逻辑。
162. (33659-!-item-!-188;#058&007012)
The government predicts that, for consumers and businesses that make a large number of long-distance calls, the Federal Communications Commission's recent telephone rate cuts will
greatly reduce costs, though some consumer groups disagree with the government's estimates,
suggesting they are too optimistic.
(A) The government predicts that, for consumers and businesses that make a large number of
long-distance calls, the Federal Communications Commission's recent telephone rate cuts will
greatly reduce costs
(B) The government predicts that costs will be greatly reduced for consumers and businesses that
make a large number of long-distance calls by the Federal Communications Commission's recent
telephone rate cuts
(C) The government's prediction is, for consumers and businesses making a large number of
long-distance calls, costs will be greatly reduced by the recent telephone rate cuts made by the
Federal Communications Commission
(D) For consumers and businesses that make a large number of long-distance calls, the
government's prediction that the Federal Communications Commission's recent telephone rate cuts
will greatly reduce costs
(E) For consumers and businesses making a large number of long-distance calls, the government
predicts that the recent telephone rate cuts that the Federal Communications Commission has
made will greatly reduce costs
句子结构：The government predicts that, for consumers and businesses that …, the FCC's recent
telephone rate cuts will greatly reduce costs, though…, suggesting....
主句主语是the government，谓语predict，后跟that引导宾语从句说明predict的内容。从句主语是rate
cuts，谓语是reduce。Though引导状语从句，suggesting是现在分词短语作伴随状语修饰disagree。
考点：逻辑表达、句子结构
逻辑表达，在 GMAT 语法中，主动语态通常优于被动语态，因为被动结构复杂并且不能清楚表达出
施动对象；介词短语的位置不能随意改变，否则会使修饰对象改变，产生歧义。
句子结构，在主从复杂句子中要注意主句和从句的主谓结构是否齐全，常见的错误选项是缺少主句谓
语。
(A) 正确，for…指“对…而言”。
(B) cost be reduced by…，被动语态表达不清晰。
(C) 名词prediction不及动词表达更确切；被动语态表达不清晰。
(D) 句子主语是prediction，缺少谓语；介词短语for…修饰对象错误，应该是修饰FCC，而不是the
government。
(E) 介词短语for…修饰对象错误，that引导定语从句修饰rate cuts不及直接用’s rate cuts简洁。
163. (33705-!-item-!-188;#058&007028) [OG原题：OG10-258]
The British sociologist and activist Barbara Wootton once noted as a humorous example of income
maldistribution that the elephant that gave rides to children at the Whipsnade Zoo was earning
annually exactly what she then earned as director of adult education for London.
(A) that the elephant that gave rides to children at the Whipsnade Zoo was earning
(B) that the elephant, giving rides to children at the Whipsnade Zoo, had been earning
(C) that there was an elephant giving rides to children at the Whipsnade Zoo, and it earned
(D) the elephant that gave rides to children at the Whipsnade Zoo and was earning
(E) the elephant giving rides to children at the Whipsnade Zoo and that it earned
句子结构：… Barbara Wootton noted as… that the elephant that… was earning…
Note that… as…因为that从句较长，所以移到句子后面。
OG10解释：
Choice A, the best answer, uses the idiomatic construction noted... that and clearly focuses on the
salient information-- a comparison of annual earnings.
In B, the structure of noted... that the elephant, giving rides ..., had been earning falsely implies that
the reader already knows about the elephant--that is, that the existence of this particular elephant is
not new information. Also, the past perfect had been improperly places the elephant's earning in the
past, prior to Wootton's; consistent verb tense is needed to show that the actions are simultaneous.
Choice C may be faulted for distortion of meaning and diminished clarity because it suggests that
the point of Wootton's example was the elephant's very existence; comparative earnings are
presented (after and) as incidental detail.
Choice D is awkward and inexact; the whole circumstance that Wootton "noted" is best expressed
in a clause that begins with that.
Choice E does not use the idiomatic construction noted that x; therefore, and that it earned has no
parallel construction to which it can be joined.
164. (33751-!-item-!-188;#058&007036)
One automobile manufacturer has announced plans to increase the average fuel efficiency of its
sport utility vehicles by 25 percent over the next five years, amounting to roughly five miles per
gallon, and representing the first significant change in the fuel efficiency of any class of passenger
vehicle in almost two decades.
(A) amounting to roughly five miles per gallon, and representing
(B) amounting to roughly five miles per gallon, and it would represent
(C) an increase that would amount to roughly five miles per gallon and it would represent
(D) an increase that would amount to roughly five miles per gallon and would represent
(E) which is an increase amounting to roughly five miles per gallon, representing
句子结构：One automobile manufacturer has announced plans to increase…, an increase that
would … and would…
An increase that…是概括性同位语从句，修饰前面的句子，从句有并列谓语would amount to… and
would represent…。
考点：句子结构、逻辑表达
句子结构，在 GMAT 考试中，有一类典型的句子结构错误是从句内容在语法上与主句并列，所以在
看到句中的连词 and 或 or 时，要注意逻辑上的并列对象与语法上的并列对象是否一致。
逻辑表达，多个修饰成分在修饰相同的对象时，之间要加上连词，否则会导致修饰歧义。
(A) 现在分词结构在本句中修饰对象不清楚，and前面不应该有逗号，加了逗号使得and representing
没有语法上的平行对象。
(B) 现在分词结构修饰对象不清楚；and it would represent在语法上应该与主句并列，it指代
manufacturer，不符合逻辑关系。
(C) and it would represent应该与主句并列，不符合逻辑关系。
(D) 正确，an increase that would… and would… 从句含有并列谓语。
(E) which没有指代对象；分词结构representing…修饰对象不清楚，表达的意思是与amounting一样
用来修饰increase，所以前面应该加and。
165. (33893-!-item-!-188;#058&007190)
Due to poaching and increased cultivation in their native habitats, researchers have determined
that there are fewer than 100 Arabian leopards left in the wild, and that these leopards are thus
many times as rare as China's giant pandas.
(A) Due to poaching and increased cultivation in their native habitats, researchers have determined
that there are fewer than 100 Arabian leopards left in the wild, and that these leopards are thus
many times as rare as
(B) Due to poaching and increased cultivation in their native habitats, there are fewer than 100
Arabian leopards left in the wild, researchers have determined, making them many times more rare
than
(C) There are fewer than 100 Arabian leopards left in the wild due to poaching and increased
cultivation in their native habitats, researchers have determined, which makes the leopards many
times more rare compared to
(D) Researchers have determined that, because of being poached and increased cultivation in their
native habitats, there are fewer than 100 Arabian leopards left in the wild, thus making them many
more times as rare as
(E) Researchers have determined that, because of poaching and increased cultivation in their
native habitats, there are fewer than 100 Arabian leopards left in the wild, and that these leopards
are thus many times more rare than
句子结构：Researchers have determined that, because of…, …, and that…
Determined后跟that引导的并列的宾语从句说明determine的内容，because of…作插入语说明原因。
考点：比较、逻辑表达
1) 比较-倍数的表达，表达倍数用“… times + more +adj.+than，… time as +adj.+than”都正确。
2) 逻辑表达，状语位置不能随意改变。
(A) due to…原因状语修饰主句，修饰对象错误。
(B) researchers have determined位置错误，产生修饰歧义；现在分词结构making…有修饰
researchers have determined的歧义。
(C) researchers have determined位置错误，产生修饰歧义；which不能指代句子；more… compared
to搭配错误。
(D) 现在分词making…修饰对象不清楚；many more times中more多余。
(E) 正确，determine后跟并列的宾语从句，many times more … than…比较结构表达准确。
166. (33939-!-item-!-188;#058&007191)
Shrinking faster than any other nation's, the projected decline of Japan's population is 17 percent
during the next half century.
(A) Shrinking faster than any other nation's, the projected decline of Japan's population is
(B) Shrinking faster than any other nation, Japan's population has a projected decline of
(C) The population of Japan is shrinking faster than that of any other nation and is projected to
decline by
(D) The Japanese population is shrinking faster than any other nation, and it has a projected
decline at
(E) Japan's population is shrinking faster than that of any other nation, with a projected decline at
句子结构：The population of … is shrinking faster than that of… and is projected to…
主语是population，并列谓语为is shrinking and is projected to。
考点：比较、简洁有效
1) 比较，不同范围的相同比较对象对比时，第二个要用代词指代，缺少代词会导致比较对象不对等。
2) 简洁有效，动词比形容词和名词更能清晰有效地表达原句意思。
(A) 现在分词结构在句首修饰主句主语decline，不符合逻辑。
(B) population和any other nation比较对象不对等。
(C) 正确，that指代population，两国的population对比，is shrinking… and is projected…并列谓语。
(D) population和any other nation比较对象不对等；has a projected decline表达罗嗦，动词project比
形容词projected更有效。
(E) 名词a decline at…不如动词decline by…表达的含义清晰。
167. (34081-!-item-!-188;#058&007212)
It is possible that, like the Volkswagen, whose unchanging exterior over decades concealed many
changes in its internal machinery, the evolution of many prehistoric microbes occurred with no
significant modification to their sheaths.
(A) the evolution of many prehistoric microbes occurred with no significant modification to their
sheaths
(B) the evolution of many prehistoric microbes was occurring without significant modification of their
sheaths
(C) no significant modification was made to the sheaths of many prehistoric microbes as they were
evolving
(D) the sheaths of many prehistoric microbes went without significant modification during their
evolution
(E) many prehistoric microbes evolved without significant modification of their sheaths
句子结构：It is possible that, like…, whose…, many prehistoric microbes… 比较结构。
考点：比较
1、 比较-like，like 连接比较对象要对等，同类事物。
(A) the Volkswagen与evolution比较对象不对等。
(B) the Volkswagen与evolution比较对象不对等；was occurring时态错误。
(C) the Volkswagen与modification比较对象不对等；被动语态表达不清晰。
(D) the Volkswagen与sheaths比较对象不对等；the sheaths went…during…表达不清晰。
(E) like比较结构，the Volkswagen与microbes对比。
168. (34127-!-item-!-188;#058&007222)
An international team of astronomers working at telescopes in the Canary Islands and Spain has
detected at least 18 huge gas spheres estimated to have 5 to 15 times the mass of Jupiter, the
solar system's largest planet.
(A) astronomers working at telescopes in the Canary Islands and Spain has detected at least 18
huge gas spheres estimated to have 5 to 15 times the mass of Jupiter
(B) astronomers working at telescopes in the Canary Islands and Spain has detected at least 18
huge gas spheres that are at an estimated 5 to 15 times Jupiter's mass
(C) astronomers is working at telescopes in the Canary Islands and Spain, having detected at least
18 huge gas spheres that are estimated at 5 to 15 times the mass of Jupiter
(D) astronomers, working at telescopes in the Canary Islands and Spain, and has detected at least
18 huge gas spheres estimated at 5 to 15 times the mass of Jupiter
(E) astronomers, working at telescopes in the Canary Islands and Spain, has detected at least 18
huge gas spheres they have estimated as being 5 to 15 times Jupiter's mass
句子结构：An international team of… has detected… shperes estimated…
主语是team，由现在分词定语working at…修饰，谓语是has detected，宾语是gas shperes，由过去
分词定语estimated to…修饰，未划线部分的the solar system’s largest planet是Jupiter的同位语。
考点：逻辑表达、简洁有效
1) 逻辑表达，注意原句未划线部分的修饰问题，修饰成分必须紧临其修饰对象，即最近的名词，避
免不符合逻辑的表达。
2) 简洁有效，动词 estimate 的用法：estimate to do 动词不定式；estimate that…；estimate sth at +
金额。
(A) 正确，以Jupiter结尾是因为后面跟的同位语必须修饰紧临的名词。
(B) 以mass结尾，使得同位语修饰对象错误；that are at an estimated 5 to 15 times表达方式错误。
(C) that are estimated罗嗦；estimated at 5 to 15 times 应该是estimated to be/have；将原句中的修
饰成分与谓语进行变换，改变了原文强调的重心。
(D) and has…没有并列对象，应该去掉and。
(E) they have estimated as being 5 to 15 times表达方式错误；they指代不清楚；以mass结尾，使得
同位语修饰对象错误。
169. (34173-!-item-!-188;#058&007252)
Part of the proposed increase in state education spending is due to higher enrollment, since the
number of students in public schools have grown steadily since the mid-1980's and, at nearly 47
million, are at a record high.
(A) enrollment, since the number of students in public schools have grown steadily since the
mid-1980's and, at nearly 47 million, are at
(B) enrollment, with a number of students in public schools growing steadily since the mid-1980's
and, at nearly 47 million, reaching
(C) enrollment: since students in public schools have grown steadily in number since the
mid-1980's and, at nearly 47 million, have reached
(D) enrollment: the number of students in public schools has grown steadily since the mid-1980's
and, at nearly 47 million, has reached
(E) enrollment: students in public schools have grown steadily in number since the mid-1980's and,
at nearly 47 million, are at
句子结构：… increase… is due to higher enrollment: the number of students… has grown… and
has reached…
冒号后的内容起补充说明作用，主语是the number，and连接并列谓语has grown, has reached。
考点：主谓一致、逻辑表达
1) 主谓一致，the number of 表示“…的数目”谓语动词用单数形式，a number of 表示“一定数量的”
谓语动词用复数形式。
2) 逻辑表达-逻辑主语合理性，一个动作的发出者往往不能发出或接受文中的动作，或从逻辑意义上
考虑，不是动作的真正发出者。
(A) the number作主语，谓语动词应为单数has；
(B) the number是表数目，a number of是形容数量多，改变了原句意思；student grow不符合逻辑；
with… growing… and reaching表达方式不及谓语动词更准确。
(C) student grow and reach不符合逻辑。
(D) 正确，并列谓语has grown and has reached。
(E) student grow and reach不符合逻辑。
补充说明：逻辑表达
1) 逻辑主语的合理性
1） 介词短语，分词，形容词词组位于句首时，其逻辑主语等于句子主语。
介词短语如：in contrast to,(contrary to 例外), as well as, besides,(un)like
分词：doing sth/v-ed,或前面加介词的分词短语：by doing…, in addition to doing …,等等。
形容词短语：如 Reluctant to do sth, sb…
2） 一些动作应有表示动作发出者的名词或代词。
如 so as to 结构，该结构作状语，to 后动作的逻辑主语应与主句的主语一致。
还有一些句子，应补出动作的施受者。
3） 状语从句的省略形式
（条件，让步，时间等）状从连词+v-ed,结构位于句首，v-ed 的逻辑主语应等于主句的逻辑主语。
2) 主谓逻辑搭配合理
一个动作的发出者往往不能发出或接受文中的动作，或从逻辑意义上考虑，不是动作的真正发出者。
1） 用于排除修饰成分与修饰对象搭配不合理的选项
2） 主谓搭配意思合理
3) 主系表逻辑搭配合理
多出现于表判断意义的系表结构，表语是否与主语逻辑搭配合理。如主语是一个名词词组，那么表语
也应是一个名词词组，而不是表动作的词组，主语是一个学术名词，表语就不应是一个人等等。
4) 逻辑意思不合理
Margaret Mead, the best-known anthropologist of the twentieth century, helped shape public opinion on fundamentally important areas like attitudes toward children and families, along with the relative merits of competition and cooperation.
A. shape public opinion on fundamentally important areas like attitudes toward children and families, along with
B. shape public opinion in such fundamentally important areas as attitudes toward children and families and
C. to shape public opinion about such fundamentally important areas like attitudes toward children and families, also about
D. the shaping of public opinion for fundamentally important areas such as attitudes toward children and families, and those toward
E. the shaping of public opinion around fundamentally important areas like attitudes toward children and families, and those of
题目释义：MM, …, helped shape opinion … in areas such as … and …
固定搭配(Idiom) 有效用词（Diction）
1. Help的用法：Help sb. (to) do; Help (to) do; Be helpful in (特别注意)
2. 列举用such … as A, B, … and C结构，不可以用like代替。like在GMAT中通常做介词表示“像…一样”，要求前后严格对称，但不可表示列举。
3. such as的两种形式：A such as B, such A as B
such as的用法：
such as + 具体名词（n1 and n2或doing n1 and doing n2;）表示举例
such as + noun/ doing/ what从句/介词短语
错误表达：
such as + there/they/these 错 ，必须是具体的东西，不能加代词
such as + to do 错 such as + 句子 错 such as + when错。
X1, X2, X3 such as these 错，such as要放在列举之前。
4. Along with短语引导的是伴随状语，不可以表示平行关系也不可以做连词使用
5. 在…方面要用in … area(s).
A．On areas 搭配错误；like无法表示列举，应当换成such as；along with不能代替and表示并列
B．Correct; such as的列举中，attitudes与relative merits的并列
C．Help to do不如help do简洁有效，但不能称其为绝对性错误；about areas 搭配错误；like无法表示列举，应当换成such as；also about错误，also不可以作为副词连接词(副词连接词)使用
D． Help the doing搭配错误；for…areas搭配错误；逻辑意思上讲such as的列举中应该是attitudes与relative merits的并列，也可以从另一个角度分析：如果是attitudes与merits并列的话，不应该再用those toward，而直接用and连接，如果是两个attitudes并列的话最多补出and toward，从两个方面来讲and those toward都是错的；另外and those toward前面的逗号不应该有
E． Help the doing搭配错误；around area搭配错误；like无法表示列举，应当换成such as；逻辑意思上讲列举中应该是attitudes与relative merits的并列；另外and those of前面的逗号不应该有
One of the primary distinctions between our intelligence with that of other primates may lay not so much in any specific skill but in our ability to extend knowledge gained in one context to new and different ones.
A. between our intelligence with that of other primates may lay not so much in any specific skill but
B. between our intelligence with that of other primates may lie not so much in any specific skill but instead
C. between our intelligence and that of other primates may lie not so much in any specific skill as
D. our intelligence has from that of other primates may lie not in any specific skill as
E. of our intelligence to that of other primates may lay not in any specific skill but
句子结构： One of the primary distinctions between … and … may lie not so much in … as in…
1. 固定搭配(1) distinction(s) between…and…
(2) difference(s) between…and… / A has difference from B
2. 固定搭配so much…as…，要保证平行
3. May, must, should, would等情态动词后面要接动词原形
4. 注意当lay和lie都为动词的原型时的区别：lay是使役动词； lie表达的是状态，可以作为Linking Verb.
A. between … with搭配错误；so much … but搭配错误；lay不是原形，应该换成lie
B. between … with搭配错误；so much … but搭配错误；instead多余
C. correct; that指代intelligence
D. distinction要用between…and...来搭配，不能用A has distinction(s) from B，只有A has difference(s) from B；固定搭配between…and…不完整；缺少了so much，被改为not… as…，改变合理句意，变得过于绝对化。
E. distinction要用between…and...来搭配，of…to搭配错误；lay不是原形，应该换成lie；not so much…as…被改为not…but，改变了合理句意
1. 有difference from和difference/distinction between A and B，而没有distinction from
2. lie / lay做动词时用法说明
lie为不及物动词；lay为及物动词。
lie : 1.lie - lied - lied 撒谎
2.lie - lay - lain 躺着；平放
lay : lay - laid - laid 产卵，下蛋；放，搁
Introduced by Italian merchants resident in London during the sixteenth century, in England life insurance remained until the end of the seventeenth century a specialized contract between individual underwriters and their clients, typically being ship owners, overseas merchants, or professional moneylenders.
A. in England life insurance remained until the end of the seventeenth century a specialized contract between individual underwriters and their clients, typically being
B. in England life insurance had remained until the end of the seventeenth century a specialized contract between individual underwriters with their clients, who typically were
C. until the end of the seventeenth century life insurance in England had remained a specialized contract between individual underwriters and their clients, typically
D. life insurance in England remained until the end of the seventeenth century a specialized contract between individual underwriters and their clients, typically
E. life insurance remained until the end of the seventeenth century in England a specialized contract between individual underwriters with their clients, who typically were
句子结构：Introduced by …, life insurance remained until … a … contract between … and…
1. 固定搭配between … and …
2. 时态问题：
以下情况用现在完成时：
l within/during/in/over+ the past/recent/last+时间段
l 出现since考虑现在完成时
以下情况用一般过去式：
l 出现original/originally, first
l 过去明确时间
l 过去段时间
以下情况用一般现在时
l 自然现象
l 统计数据
l 实验结论
l 客观事实
l continue这个词，对于时态方面有一点特殊性：1）不用进行时态；2）不用两种以上的时态
l 现在完成时与过去时：如果单纯表示过去事件，就用一般过去时；如果是过去发生的事件持续到现在，或者强调过去事件对现在依然产生影响，就用现在完成时。有时候在同一个句子里两种时态都可以用，只是表达出来的含义不同，因此不要认为正确答案用了完成时，那么语法上就一定不能用过去时，或许只是逻辑上不能用过去时（比如原作者想强调持续到现在或强调对现在依然产生影响）。
l 过去完成时表达的是过去的过去，所以需要与一个过去的时态作对比，也即如果句子里面没有特别明显表达过去的过去或者没有某个动词是过去时态，那么必不会出现过去完成时。
A．in England 位置不好，应该在修饰对象life insurance后面以使introduced修饰life insurance更为清晰；being多余
B．in England 位置不好，应该在修饰对象life insurance后面以使introduced修饰life insurance更为清晰；between … with搭配错误；who typically were多余
C．时间状语until the end of the seventeenth century位置不好，应放到动词remained后面以使introduced修饰life insurance更为清晰，也使得与其修饰对象remained更加接近。
D． Correct；remain如果像在B,C中用了过去完成时语法上并没有错，只是句意就imply了“life insurance在17世纪末以后就变了”，而如果是一般过去时，则有可能18世纪初了英国的寿险可能还是那样子，因为这个改变不是必须的，所以不一定要过去完成时。
E． between … with搭配错误；in England没有紧靠其修饰的名词life insurance；who typically were多余
in the last century与in last century的区别：
参见例题大全242：
242. Despite the recent election of a woman to the office of prime minister, the status of women in Pakistan is little changed from how it was in the last century.
(A) is little changed from how it was
(B) is a little change from how it was
(C) has changed little
(D) has changed little from how it has been
(E) is little changed from the way it was
Key: C. last 此处意思为"最近的"而不是"上一个",否则就不必用the，因此要用现在完成时。
如：
Did you see the game on TV last night? 昨天晚上
Interest in golf has grown rapidly in the last ten years. 最近十年
The widely accepted big-bang theory holds that the universe began in an explosive instant 10 to 20 billion years ago and has been expanding ever since.
A. that the universe began in an explosive instant 10 to 20 billion years ago and has been expanding
B. that the universe had begun in an explosive instant 10 to 20 billion years ago and had been expanding
C. that the beginning of the universe was an explosive instant 10 to 20 billion years ago that has expanded
D. the beginning of the universe to have been an explosive instant 10 to 20 billion years ago that is expanding
E. the universe to have begun in an explosive instant 10 to 20 billion years ago and has been expanding
句子结构： The … theory holds that the universe began in … and has been…
1. 主系表结构中表语是对主语的描述、说明，因此要搭配合理。
A．Correct；10 to 20 billion years ago做定语修饰instant
B．Had began时态错误，begin是即时动词不能用完成时态，而且只是描述过去某个时间点的事件，不需要用完成时；第二个had应该改为has，因为至今仍在扩大，应该用现在时态
C．句子仿佛在说the beginning of the universe在10 to 20 billion years ago是一个instant，而后来就不是一个instant了，逻辑上不正确；that has expanded修饰instant错误
D． the beginning of the universe to have been的表达wordy；hold … to have been表达不如宾语从句直接，而且wordy，只有knowned to have done这种不得已的时候才用这样的结构；that is expanding将原句中并列的句子改为从句，改变了原句意思；is expanding时态错误，应用现在完成进行时与ever since搭配
E． had been expanding与holds并列错误，begin逻辑上应该与expand并列；hold…to have begun的表达不如宾语从句直接
Logical predication; Verb form
The sentence describes the central tenet of a theory about how the universe began. The focus of the second clause should be consistently on the subject the universe, and all verbs in the clause beginning with that must describe what the universe did at the initial explosive moment.
A. Correct. Both verbs in the second clause correctly take universe as their subject.
B. Had begun is the wrong tense because it describes action that occurred farther in the past than some other, specifi ed past action.
C. The relative clause that has expanded describes instant, which makes no sense.
D. The beginning of the universe to have been … is unnecessarily indirect and wordy; illogically suggests that beginning is expanding, not the universe.
E. The verb phrases to have begun and has been expanding both reference the same subject of the clause, universe, and therefore need to be parallel.
下划线的两个句子并不矛盾，因为that从句前面的beginning be an instant是主系表结构，所以that从句describe的是instant和beginning.
Often major economic shifts are so gradual as to be indistinguishable at first from ordinary fluctuations in the financial markets.
A. so gradual as to be indistinguishable
B. so gradual so that they can be indistinguishable
C. so gradual that they are unable to be distinguished
D. gradual enough not to be distinguishable
E. gradual enough so that one cannot distinguish them
句子结构：Often major economic shifts are so … as to be…
1. so …that V.S. so … as to be/do的用法：
so … that可以用作多个主语时，so前面的主语和that后面的主语可以不一样；
so … as to be/do一般用于单一主语，但是不能相隔太远，否则可以视为错误
原理：so … as to事实上是三个结构的结合，so引出的是状语，as指代句子前面的核心含义，to是不定式引导状语结构(adverbial structure)，此不定式修饰的正是前面的核心动词以及该动词的逻辑主语，所以只有当前面只有一个核心动词而且很明确的时候才能够用so…as to，也正因为修饰成分离被修饰词过远会造成修饰不清，所以to be/do结构不能与前面动词不能太远。
*：so … as to be/do正确的情况是，so后面加adjective，即：So + ADJECTIVE + as to + VERB
例：
#1：Although one link in the chain was demonstrated to be weak, but not sufficiently so to require the recall of the automobile. (incorrect)
The official answer is: demonstrably weak, it was not so weak as to require
#2：Congress is debating a bill requiring certain employers provide workers with unpaid leave so as to care for sick or newborn children. (incorrect)
The official answer is: to provide workers with unpaid leave so that they can
#3：Several years ago the diet industry introduced a variety of appetite suppressants, but some of these drugs caused such severe stomach disorders as to be banned by the Food and Drug Administration. (incorrect)
The official answer is: such severe stomach disorders that they were
2. 关于enough：
enough的固定搭配：
enough for sb. 对某人来说足够了
enough to do something 足够做某事
错误搭配：(X) enough + ”that / so as to / so to / so that”。
(参考prep语法笔记2-94)enough to, so/such…that…, so/such…as to三者都表示结果,区别在于:enough to表示主观满足,在标准书面语中很少使用; so/such...that不用考虑逻辑主语问题; so/such...as to逻辑主语等于句子主语,即句子主语可以执行as to后面动词所表达的作用
A. Correct. 主句为简单主系表结构
B. so...so that搭配错误(Incorrect Idiom)
C. able/unable to be done的结构错误
D. enough偏向于主观判断，不符合逻辑语境；not to be distinguishable不如to be indistinguishable简洁
E. enough so that错误搭配(Incorrect Idiom)
OG10-171. In 1527 King Henry VIII sought to have his marriage to Queen Catherine annulled so as to marry Anne Boleyn.
(A) so as to marry
(B) and so could be married to
(C) to be married to
(D) so that he could marry
(E) in order that he would marry
Key: D
关于so as to连写。So as to跟to并不是完全对等的！so as to里面有as这个连词，隔开前后，前面的统统是过程，后面统统是目的，而to没有连词，如果to do做状语，修饰的是最近谓语动词。
参考例题2:
738. The Emperor Augustus, it appears, commissioned an idealized sculptured portrait, the features of which are so unrealistic as to constitute what one scholar calls an “artificial face.”
A. so unrealistic as to constitute
B. so unrealistic they constituted
C. so unrealistic that they have constituted
D. unrealistic enough so that they constitute
E. unrealistic enough so as to constitute
Key: A
解析：constitute的动作发出者是features很明确，所以可以用so…as to…
constitute可以做linking verb，也可以做transitive verb，在本题是linking verb.
[linking verb, not in progressive]
to be considered to be something
Failing to complete the work constitutes a breach of the employment contract.
The rise in crime constitutes a threat to society.
[linking verb, not in progressive]
if several people or things constitute something, they are the parts that form it
We must redefine what constitutes a family.
[T usually in passive] formal
to officially form a group or organization
The Federation was constituted in 1949.
OG的解释：
The verbs are and calls indicate that the sculpture is being viewed and judged in the present. Thus, neither the past tense verb constituted (in B) nor the present perfect verb have constituted (in C) is correct; both suggest that the statue’s features once constituted an artificial face but no longer do so. Also, B would be better if that were inserted after so unrealistic, although the omission of that is not ungrammatical. Choices D and E use unidiomatic constructions with enough: unrealistic enough to constitute would be idiomatic, but the use of enough is imprecise and awkward in this context. Choice A, which uses the clear, concise, and idiomatic construction so unrealistic as to constitute, is best.
Experts estimate that ten times as much petroleum exists in sources like tar sands, heavy oil, and perhaps even in shale than in conventional reservoirs.
A．sources like tar sands, heavy oil, and perhaps even in shale than
B．sources like tar sands, heavy oil, and perhaps even in shale than are
C．such sources as tar sands, heavy oil, and perhaps even in shale as are
D． such sources as tar sands, heavy oil, and perhaps even shale as
E． such sources as tar sands, heavy oil, and perhaps even shale than
句子结构：Experts estimate that ten times as much petroleum exists in … as in …
1. as much … as平行结构固定搭配
2. ten times as much + subject + verb. + prep. phrase + as + (subject + verb.) + prep. phrase固定比较结构。
3. such as表示列举，列举末尾不能跟etc.；like在正式语体里只表示比较，不表示列举，且遵循严格比较结构的对称。
4. N1,N2,and N3并列，and N3前面的逗号作为强调。
A. like在正式语体里只表示比较，不表示列举，应该改为such as；as much… than错误，应该改为as much … as
B. like在正式语体里只表示比较，不表示列举，应该改为such as；系动词are没有与其并列的词，且多余
C. In多余，造成such as列举的三个并列成分不平行；系动词are没有与其并列的词，多余
D. Correct；通过such…as迅速排除A,B，通过as much … as排除E，通过such as列举的三个成分并列平行排除in
E. as much… than错误，应该改为as much … as
For at least two decades or more previous to when the Venetian artist Giovanni Battista Tiepolo died in 1770, he was the most admired painter in Italy.
A. For at least two decades or more previous to when the Venetian artist Giovanni Battista Tiepolo died in 1770, he was
B. For at least two decades before the Venetian artist Giovanni Battista Tiepolo died in 1770, he had been
C. For at least two decades or more before the Venetian artist Giovanni Battista Tiepolo's dying in 1770, he had been
D. When the Venetian artist Giovanni Battista Tiepolo died in 1770, for at least two decades previously he was
E. When the Venetian artist Giovanni Battista Tiepolo died in 1770, having been for at least two decades before that
句子结构： For at least … before the V artist GBT died, he had been …
1. 时态问题：
(1) 过去时：originally, from 1978 to 1985,previously
(2) 完成时态：since; within/during/over/in+the past/last/recent+时间短语(注意during/in/over the last year可以用现在时也可以用完成时，取决于当时发生的事情是否延续到现在或对现在是否还有影响，而last year必须用过去时)
(3) 将来时：
i. 条件从句/时间从句/方式从句/让步从句不能用将来时或过去将来时，常用一般现在时代替一般将来时，一般过去时代替过去将来时。（对比状从省略的几种是：转折，时间，条件。）
ii. possibility that…/likelihood that…/expect that…中,that从句后用一般将来时
iii. 标准书面语中,优先使用一般将来时,主观将来时用be supposed to do,较少用be going to do,不用be to be doing/be to be done
(4) 一般现在时：common: the most common reasons, the common procedure
2. 过去完成时的使用：必须在语义上有时间的对照(不一定会有一般过去时的出现)，来反映出发生在过去的过去。
3. die为瞬间动词，不能用dying，而且die有自己的名词形式death。
4. When引导时间状语或名词性从句表示“当…的时候”，表示主句事件在该时间发生。
A．从句用了一般过去时，而主句描述的是发生在相对与从句还要早的之前，故主句应该用过去完成时（时间的对照）；at least和or more用词重复；previous to when表达笨拙。
B．Correct。
C．die有自己的名词形式death，由于before/after等可以作为连词，所以GBT’s dying表达不如GBT died简洁；at least和or more用词重复。
D． 同A，主句时态错误；一个时间状语分拆为两个的表达非常累赘。
E． 没有主语和主句；从E的写法看，是想把When the Venetian artist Giovanni Battista Tiepolo died in 1770作为主句（但是前面多了When），而having been作为伴随状语。
In her 26 years in the forests of Gombe, Jane Goodall collected data that proved that chimpanzees exhibit the kind of curiosity so that new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from each one to others by imitating and practicing.
A. exhibit the kind of curiosity so that new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from each one to others by imitating and practicing
B. will exhibit the kind of curiosity so that new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from one to another by imitating and practicing
C. will exhibit the kind of curiosity so that new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from one to another by imitation and practice
D. exhibit the kind of curiosity by which new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from one to another by imitation and practice
E. exhibit the kind of curiosity where new patterns of behavior and expression are passed on to others by imitation and practice
句子结构：In…, JG collected that proved that chimpanzees exhibit the kind of curiosity…
1. 描述客观事实、科研成果要用一般现在时
2. 定语从句连接词
3. one… the other 只有两个
some… the others 有三个以上
one… another，another…
some… others，others…
others = other people/things
the others = the rest 剩余的全部
1） 泛指另一个用another。
2） 一定范围内两人（物），一个用one，另一个用the other。
3） 一定范围内三者，一个用one，另一个用one （another），第三个可用the other，a third。
4） 一定范围内，除去一部分人/物，剩余的全部用the others。
5） 泛指别的人或物时，用others当在一定范围内，除去一部分后，剩余部分但不是全部时，也用others。
4. By+ doing(by imitating and practicing)和by+noun(by imitation and practice)的区别还是在于doing和noun之间:doing为动名词形式描述的是动作的发生，noun则是对动作的单纯描述。
5. TIP(不做绝对判断原则): 原句中如果含有情态动词，一般不可以随意添加、删除、改变，要根据句子逻辑含义来判断。
A. s.v.o. + so that + 情态动词+ v.引导的是目的性状语，用在此处逻辑错误；imitating and practicing不如imitation和practice语义相符及简洁；from each one to others用法错误，泛指群体里两个个体之间的关系应该用one…another…
B. Will时态不对，虽然will+v.可以表达的某个动作的常常发生(略带预测的味道)，但此处为描述科研成果用一般现在时更为恰当；So that用法不对，同上；imitating and practicing不如imitation和practice好。
C. Will时态不对，同上；So that用法不对，同上；
D. Correct；本题可以从the kind of curiosity前的the推出后面用so that引导目的或结果状语并不恰当，另外因为前面也没有提到过这种curiosity，应该用定语从句
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